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THE DOG IN HEALTH, 
ACCIDENT, AND DISEASE 



BY 

FRANK TOWNEND BARTON, M.R.C.V.S. 

AUTHOR OF * THE HORSE : AILMENTS AND ACCIDENTS ' 

'THE PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE' 

* SPORTING DOGS ' ; * NON-SPORTING DOGS ' 

*THE VETERINARY MANUAL,' ETC. 



WITH 12 FULL-PAGE HALF-TONE ILLUSTRATIONS 



PHILADELPHIA 
HENRY ALTEMUS COMPANY 



Copyright, 1908, by Howard E. Altemus 






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PREFACE 

The Dog in Health and Disease has been pre- 
pared as an elementary treatise upon the Dog 
and the various diseases and accidents to 
which it is subject. Under the heading of the 
Introduction, the author has given, not only a 
short account of the best methods of feeding, 
the arrangement of kennels, exercising, groom- 
ing, washing, and other matters pertaining to 
the general welfare of the Dog when in health, 
but also advice as to treatment in times of ill- 
ness. In addition to this, the points of the 
principal breeds of sporting, non-sporting, and 
other dogs have been indicated. No attempt 
has been made at giving anything beyond out- 
lines throughout the book, so that the reader 
must not look for information that should be 
contained in larger and more expensive manuals. 
The book is intended to supply what the author 
believes is wanted, namely, a simple, practical 
treatise upon the Dog at a price within reach 
of almost every one. 

London, 1907. 



CONTENTS 



INTKODUCTION 

Exercise — Grooming : or care of the Dog's Coat — Wash- 
ing — Feeding — Kennels — Adminis bering Medicine 
to Dogs — Feeding Sick Dogs — Rearing Puppies — 
Dog Shows and Preparation for Exhibition — Select- 
ing a Dog for a Companion — Dog-breeding for 
Pleasure or Profit, 



ELEMENTARY ANATOMY OF THE DOG 

Structure of the Skeleton— The Hind Limb, ... 28 

CONFORMATION AND POINTS OF THE VARIOUS 

BREEDS 

The St. Bernard— The Newfoundland— Great Danes or 
Boarhounds— The Mastiff— The Deerhound — The 
Borzois or Russian Wolfhound — The Irish Wolf- 
hound—The Foxhound— Otter-Hounds— The Blood- 
hound—The Beagle— The Harrier — The Bassett 
Hound— The Greyhound— The Pointer— The Setter 
— Retrievers — Spaniels — The Irish Water Spaniel — 
The Water Spaniel— The Clumber Spaniel— The 
Field Spaniel— The Sussex Spaniel— The Cocker 
Spaniel— The Welsh Springer— The English Springer 
—The Collie— The Smooth-coated Collie— The Old 
English or Bob-tailed Sheep Dog— The Dalmatian 



THE DOG vii 

PAGE 

or Carriage Dog — The Whippet or Race Dog— The 
Poodle— The Dachshund— The Chow-Chow— The 
Bull Terrier — The Manchester or Black -and-Tan 
Terrier — The Fox Terrier — Scottish and West 
Highland White Terriers — The English White 
Terrier — Airedale and Welsh Terriers — Dandie 
Dinmonts and Bedlington Terriers — Irish Terriers 
— Skye Terriers and Clydesdale Terriers — Bull- 
dogs and Toy Bull-dogs — The Yorkshire Terrier 
— The Schipperke — The Italian Greyhound — The 
Pomeranian — The Pug — The GrifiFon Bruxellois — 
The Maltese Terrier — The Japanese Spaniel — The 
Pekinese— Toy Spaniels, 32 



FOREIGN DOGS 

The Samoyede — The Esquimaux — The Dingo — The 
Bouledoge Francais — The Lhassa Terrier — The 
Persian Greyhound — The Hairless Dog of Mexico 
The Dhole — The Chesapeake Bay Dog — Thibet 
Spaniels — Elk Hounds, etc. — Australian Terriers, 
etc., 143 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 

Distemper — Inflammation of the Lungs and Pleurisy — 
Bronchitis — Catarrh or Coryza— Epilepsy — Chorea 
(St. Vitus's Dance) — Paralysis— Apoplexy — Rheu- 
matism — Rabies (Madness) — Indigestion — Gastritis 
— Enteritis — Diarrhoea — Dysentery — Poisons — 
Eczema — Parasitic Mange — Follicular Mange — 
Lice, Fleas, and Ticks, etc. — Worms — Bareness 
around the Margin of the Ear — Inflammation of the 
Eyes — Blindness — Internal and External Canker of 
the Ear — Dropsy of the Flap of the Ear— Wounds, 
Burns, Scalds, etc.— Broken Bones or Fractures, . 150 

Index, 194 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

A.IREDALE Terrier Dog, .... Frontispiece 

AT PAGE 

Rough-Coated St. Bernard, 33 

Fawn Mastiff Dog, 40 

Bassett Hound Dog, 54 

OURLY-COATED ReTRIEVER DoG, 64 

[rish Water Spaniel, 72 

Rough- Coated Collie, 86 

Smooth-Coated Collie, 91 

Fox Terrier Dog, 109 

Dandie Dinmont Terrier Dog, 115 

3kye Terrier Dog, 119 

Brindled Bull-Dog, 124 



INTRODUCTION 



Exercise. 



Regular exercise is necessary for the proper 
maintenance of health. 

Such dogs as Mastiffs, St. Bernards, Great 
Danes, Newfoundlands, etc., become sluggish to 
a degree, without a sufEciency of muscular 



exercise 



It is not sufficient merely to allow a dog to 
exercise himself by running about his master's 
premises. Exercise must be ' forced ' upon him 
(or her) either by long walks or by moderate 
runs behind a cycle. 

A most objectionable practice — if not a cruel 
one — is that of keeping a dog chained up from 
week-end to week-end. 

The condition of a dog that is chained up in 
this way is usually unsatisfactory, and, instead 
of being a source of utility and pleasure to the 
proprietor, the animal becomes an object of pity 
and misery to himself and others. It is not of 
the slightest use to exercise a dog one day and 
then to keep him chained up for two or three. 

A 



10 THE DOG 

The essentials of exercise are regularity and 
moderation, the condition and variety of dog 
being duly considered. When the weather is 
suitable, water-loving dogs should be allowed to 
indulge in their aquatic habits, if a suitable pond 
is at hand, but it is very bad for the skin to 
allow a dog to paddle about in all sorts of dirty 
water. Puppies and young dogs should be 
allowed unlimited exercise. There is nothino^ 
worse than keeping them in a confined space, 
unless it be fastening them up with a chain. 
To chain a young dog up is simply fatal to the 
development of the limbs. 

Sporting dogs require much more exercise 
than do non-sporting, and those who contem- 
plate purchasing a dog for companionship will do 
well to avoid buying an animal of the former 
class. Insufficient exercise predisposes a dog to 
congestion of the liver, etc., and this may in 
course of time express itself in the form of an 
eczematous eruption or some other irritable con- 
dition of the skin. Aged asthmatical dogs, being 
incapable of undergoing much exertion, require 
well-regulated exercise. 

Grooming : or care of the Dog's Coat. 

Those who value the appearance of a dog will 
bestow a certain amount of attention upon the 



INTRODUCTION 11 

animal's coat, because a well-groomed dog is an 
additional source of pleasure to its owner. What 
may be termed spasmodic attention to a dog's 
toilet is of no use whatsoever ; in fact, it is better 
to leave the toilet to the waywardness of nature 
than to carry it out by fits and starts. The coats 
of all smooth-haired, short-coated dogs should be 
gone over with a hound-glove or short, soft-haired 
brush, followed by a good polishing up mth a 
chamois leather. This, with the application of a 
woollen coat in winter, will keep the coat fine, 
soft, and of good lustre. The advantages of 
woollen clothing in winter can hardly be over- 
estimated; in fact, the owner and his tyke will 
adopt the well-known axiom of ' once used, 
always used.' Long rough-coated dogs require 
considerably more attention than do their short- 
coated brethren, a fact that should be borne in 
mind when selecting a dog. It is necessary to 
have a dandy-brush and a stout steel or bone 
comb, the latter being used for the feather upon 
the limbs, tail, etc. Collies, Retrievers, rough- 
coated St. Bernards, and other breeds having a 
superabundance of long hair, must be combed 
regularly, otherwise the hair becomes felted; if 
so, the entangled masses must be cut off. 

The hair of Pomeranians and Chow-chows 
should be brushed up or backwards in order to 



12 THE DOG 

give the coat the necessary 'stand-off' appear- 
ance. To improve the glossy appearance of the 
coat of flat-coated Retrievers, Spaniels, or of 
any other breed in which brilliancy of coat is 
an essential point of beauty, a chamois leather 
should be used for about a quarter of an hour 
once or twice a day. Young dogs, such as Terriers 
whose wiry coat is a point of excellence, may 
with advantage have their puppy coats stripped 
out. This can be done through the use of 
the so-called ' stripping ' comb, obtainable from 
vendors of kennel appliances. 

Washing. 

Although good grooming goes a long way to- 
wards cleanliness, it is not well to do away with 
the bath. For a dog to be healthy, its skin must 
be kept clean ; more especially is this necessary 
in dogs which are kept in the house, for a dirty 
coat harbours fleas and other vermin, and where 
there are children about, these pests may cause 
considerable annoyance, to say nothing of the 
punishment frequently inflicted upon the dog. 
Washing destroys the natural lustre of the coat, 
but the lubricant reasserts its power in the 
course of two or three days; hence the in- 
advisability of washing a dog on the eve of 
a show. Again, hard-coated dogs should not 



INTRODUCTION 13 

be washed frequently, because washing softens 
the coat. The advantage of selecting a dark- 
coloured dog for companionship in town is at 
once obvious, there being no necessity for such 
frequent washing. For thoroughly cleansing a 
dog's coat, 'liquid soap' answers the purpose 
admirably. This, which is made by dissolving 
soft soap in spirit, has the further advantage 
of assisting in the destruction of fleas. The 
best soap to use under any ordinary circum- 
stances is carbolic, but it is not advisable to use 
this for puppies, because absorption of the car- 
bolic has been known to cause death. When 
dogs are much troubled with fleas or lice, it is 
a very good plan to add a quart of strong in- 
fusion of quassia to the bath. It is not neces- 
sary to employ a large amount of water ; in fact, 
the dog can be washed better by standing it over 
an empty tub, thoroughly soaking the whole of 
the hindquarters, loins, and back, and then 
lathering with soap, rinsing this off, and repeat- 
ing the operation on the remainder of the body, 
forequarters, head, ears, etc. 

Feeding. 

House-dogs should not be constantly fed 
throughout the day, but at stated times, say 
night and morning, or every afternoon. 



14 THE DOG 

It is a good plan to feed a dog after it comes 
in from, but inadvisable to feed it immediately 
before, exercise. Certain axioms should be borne 
in mind as being specially applicable to the feed- 
ing of a dog : — 

(a) Feed about the same hour, once or twice 
daily, in accordance with the condition 
of the animal and the amount of work 
it has to perform. For instance, a 
sporting dog during the working season 
requires much more food than in the 
summer. The same remark applies to 
foxhounds and harriers in and out of a 
hunting season. 

(h) Never leave food before a dog after it 
has ceased feeding, because this only 
tends to turn it against its food. 

(c) Avoid feeding entirely on flesh, but give a 

mixture of bread and meat, say half of 
each. 

(d) To feed each dog separately, or, if 

puppies are fed together from a trough, 
see that the weaker ones are allowed 
their share. This is equally applicable 
to puppies in the nest. 

(e) To keep a constant supply of fresh water 

before the dogs. 



INTRODUCTION 15 

(/) If dog biscuits are used, these should 
be broken up, and preferably given 
soaked. A considerable number of dog 
foods are upon the market, but the 
difficulty is to find a dog food that the 
majority of dogs will eat. Boiled rice 
mixed with meat, paunches boiled and 
cut up, hound-meal, oatmeal well boiled 
and mixed with meat, etc., make the 
best food. Greaves are still a good deal 
employed, and these, if obtained from a 
reliable source, make an excellent food, 
provided that they are boiled and com- 
bined with some carbonaceous material, 
such as boiled rice or boiled flour, etc. ; 
but particular care must be taken not 
to give too much, or undesirable results 
will occur. If horseflesh is used, it is 
necessary to have it well boiled, though 
many dog-breeders feed their animals 
entirely upon raw flesh, and there can 
be no objection to this, if too much is 
not given, and the meat off a healthy 
carcass. 

Kennels. 

In the arrangement and construction of kennels 
good deal will depend upon the number of dogs 



16 THE DOG 

to be kept, the ground available, and the amount 
of money that can be spent. Where only one or 
two dogs are kept, inexpensive accommodation can 
be provided, but, if it is intended to go in for breed- 
ing dogs for profit, one must provide proper accom- 
modation. If a small stable is handy the stalls 
can easily be converted into kennels, the lower 
end of the stall being enclosed by a framework 
and door, over which J-inch wire netting is 
securely fastened. Some attention must be given 
to the floor, because, if this is uneven, as most 
floors are that are paved with cobble stones, the 
limbs of puppies will suffer injury. Have the 
floor cemented, the surface drained, and a port- 
able day-and-night bench placed at the end of 
the stall. Retrievers and many other long-coated 
dogs sleep out of doors all the year round ; in fact, 
the only accommodation that many gamekeepers 
are able to provide for their dogs is a barrel. The 
best barrel to buy for this purpose is a petroleum 
one, which should be heavily tarred two or three 
times all over on the outside. To raise the barrel 
off the ground a ' tram ' should be made, which 
consists of two stout pieces of wood, say two and 
a half feet long, and about five inches in thickness, 
placed transverse to the barrel. Upon each of 
these pieces place another piece cut in a semi- 
circle to fit the lower surface of the barrel. A 



INTRODUCTION 17 

couple of screw bolts can be used to fix the ' tram ' 
to a railway sleeper, several of which should be 
laid down so as to form a square or platform for 
the kennel to rest upon. Kennels for single dogs 
can be obtained from any manufacturer. 

One of the best the writer has ever seen was 
that exhibited by Messrs. Boulton and Paul at 
a recent Kennel Club show, two kennels, with 
yards, railings, sleeping accommodation, etc., all 
complete, only costing about seventeen pounds; 
and any one contemplating forming a stud of dogs 
could not do better than purchase two or more 
of these kennels, arranging them upon a concrete 
base, and in such a situation that they will face due 
south or south-west and have plenty of sunlight 
and air, Dogs for companionship, kept in the 
house, must be taught habits of cleanliness, and 
not allowed to become an annoyanceby jumping 
up and soiling the clothes of visitors. 

Administering Medicine to Dogs. 

It may seem a very simple matter to give a dog 
a dose of medicine, either liquid or solid, but 
simple though it may appear, nine people out of 
every ten fail to do so in what may be termed a 
thoroughly workmanlike and business manner. 
Of course dogs differ as to the ease with which 
medicine may be administered to them, but, 



18 THE DOG 

taking the average dog, there ought not to be 
much difficulty, if method is followed. A fluid 
should be given out of a small bottle, and not out 
of a spoon, as is commonly done. A vial holding 
from a half to one ounce is all that is necessary, 
and half an ounce, which is approximately equal 
to a tablespoonful, usually constitutes a dose for 
a medium-sized or large dog. About a fourth 
of the vial will be equivalent to a teaspoonful, 
which may be taken as the average dose for a toy 
dog. An assistant should hold the dog, and the 
owner should then grasp the left cheek with the 
fingers of the left hand, take the bottle in the 
right hand, and insert the neck between the cheeks 
on the right side, forming with the fingers and 
the neck of the bottle a sort of pouch, into which 
the fluid is allowed to trickle, passing down the 
back part of the mouth and so on down the 
throat. The neck of the bottle should not touch 
the teeth, otherwise injury may be done. Special 
appliances are sold for giving fluids and pills to 
dogs, but these are not necessary, nor of much 
practical utility. 

Feeding Sick Dogs. 

When dogs are out of health, it is necessary to 
resort to special means for giving the food. In 
many irritable conditions of the stomach the 



INTRODUCTION 19 

animal is constantly vomiting, and this, though 
unquestionably salutary, is exhausting, if pro- 
longed. Under these circumstances it is advis- 
able to give only the smallest quantities of food 
at frequent intervals. Boiled fish, milk and soda- 
water, cold arrowroot, cold arrowroot-gruel, and 
Brand's Essence of Beef, with 20 grains of Car- 
bonate of Bismuth and a teaspoonful of brandy, 
constitutes an excellent dietary for a dog that 
is troubled with vomiting. Raw meat, minced 
up, and given in half-ounce doses, is a capital 
nutritive, more especially when a dog has become 
enfeebled by some prostrating disease, such as 
distemper. 

Rearing Puppies. 

Unless one has suitable accommodation, it is 
not advisable to go in for dog-breeding, because 
in order to rear puppies successfully they must 
have unlimited exercise. The writer is well 
enough aware that many of the best dogs that 
have ever been bred have been reared under con- 
ditions anything but favourable towards their 
development, but this is exceptional, certainly not 
the rule. Even toy dogs that are reared in the 
house do not make the progress that they would 
were the surroundings more suitable. Spring is 
the best time for the birth of puppies, so that 



20 THE DOG 

they may have the advantages of the following 
summer for outdoor exercise,^ and if they are 
properly fed and carefully housed, they should 
almost be seen growing, so rapid should their 
progress be. Puppies, if allowed to lie out in the 
wet or in damp kennels, are liable to 'kennel 
lameness,' to enlargement of the joints, and, in 
consequence, to stunted growth. Many puppies 
become rickety, if they are badly fed or allowed 
insufficient exercise. In most kennels it is cus- 
tomary to rear a couple of litters of pups in one 
year from the same dam, in other words to have 
a spring and autumn litter, but the writer advo- 
cates that every bitch should have but one litter 
a year. If you w\ant pups to grow, you must 
give them the very best of food ; feed regularly 
three times per day, but never allow them to 
'gorge' themselves, because this predisposes 
them to the so-called 'pot-belly.' All pups 
should be weaned about the fifth week, but whilst 
they are suckling, say at the beginning of the 
third week, it is advantageous to supplement the 
mother's milk with some farinaceous food, such 
as Mellin's Food, Horlick's Malted Milk, etc. 
Plenty of cow's milk should be allowed as soon as 

^ The author is a staunch advocate for placing puppies out 
at ' walk,' as this diminishes the percentage of losses through 
distemper, etc. 



INTRODUCTION 21 

the pups are weaned ; all such substances as 
' condensed ' milk, etc., are practically useless, and 
little better than rubbish for dogs. Boiled oat- 
meal mixed with meat cut up in small pieces 
makes a capital food. Large bones to gnaw at 
assist teething, but don't give puppies meat. 

Dog Shows and Preparation for Exhibition. 

Although dog-showing cannot be regarded as a 
lucrative occupation, it is a necessary business if 
the fancier wishes to attain the topmost rungs of 
fame as a breeder of high-class dogs, and he who 
never shows is not likely to create much of a 
name for himself in the ' doggie ' world. It is not 
a wise plan to frequent the smaller shows, and 
certainly not a test of the merits of a dog, more 
especially if the classification is indifferent. The 
principal shows in this country are : — 

The Kennel Club's Annual Show, held at the 
Crystal Palace in October : Cruft's Show, held at 
the Agricultural Hall every February ; the Ladies' 
Kennel Association Show, usually held during 
the summer at the Royal Botanic Gardens ; and 
such shows in the provinces as the Manchester, 
Bristol, Fylde Fox Terrier Show, Glasgow, Edin- 
burgh, etc. What are called Specialist Club 
Shows are held throughout the year, the principal 
being the Fox Terrier Show, the Toy-Dog Show, 



22 THE DOG 

the Bull-Dog Show, and the Crystal Palace and 
Peterborough Hound Shows. Nearly all shows 
are held under Kennel Club rules, and before a 
dog can be shown it is necessary to have its name 
duly entered and registered ; the Secretary of the 
Kennel Club, Grafton Street, London, will supply 
all the necessary information upon application. 
It is not a wise plan to send a dog to a show, 
because some dogs will refuse to show themselves 
unless accompanied into the ring by their owner. 
Never send puppies to shows; in fact, under 
Kennel Club rules, you cannot send dogs less than 
six months old. Never show a dog unless you 
are thoroughly satisfied that the animal can be 
got into tip-top condition in time for the show. 
It generally takes from three to six weeks to get 
a dog physically fit. At least 50 per cent, of the 
dogs shown are not in exhibition form, and con- 
sequently are considerably handicapped, more 
especially when it comes to the balancing of point 
for point. The highest standard of exhibition 
condition can only be attained by plenty of 
grooming, regular exercise, careful feeding, and a 
due regard for honest principles in the Show 
Ring. 



INTRODUCTION 23 

Selecting a Dog for a Companion. 

A distinction must be made between a dog 
intended purely for companionship in town, and 
one that has to do, in addition to this duty, a 
certain amount of field work in the country, or to 
perform the duties as a 'gun' dog for a single- 
handed sportsman. Large dogs, such as New- 
foundlands, St. Bernards, Mastiffs, Great Danes, 
and so forth, although excellent companions, 
cannot be recommended if the animal has to live 
within the domestic circle. Again, long-coated 
dogs like Collies, Retrievers, etc., are equally un- 
suitable; and certainly not healthy, if permanently 
kept in a dwelling-house. Dogs intended for the 
companionship of children must be of extremely 
docile temperament, because little ones are apt to 
take liberties that are liable to provoke peevishness 
in the animal. Pugs, Bull-dogs, Toy Spaniels, and 
many Fox Terriers make excellent companions 
for children, and the writer has every confidence 
in recommending the purchase of one of these 
for the home, provided that an animal of good 
breeding is purchased. Never buy a mongrel, no 
matter for what purpose required, for a mongrel 
is dear at any price, and nothing truer was ever 
said than ' that the price of a mongrel is the price 
of its hide, minus the price of the rope you buy 



24 THE DOG 

to hang it with/ In all probability the reader 
will ask what constitutes a mongrel? And also 
whether many of the present varieties of dogs 
have been derived by cross-breeding ? Answering 
the first question, it may be said that a mongrel 
is the product of an alliance between two inferior- 
bred dogs, and that the more remote the cross 
from original ancestry the greater the mongrel. 
Returning to the second query, it must be 
admitted that a considerable proportion of the 
distinct varieties of dogs now in existence have 
been produced by selection and mating of dis- 
tinctive breeds, but through successive genera- 
tions improvements have been introduced, faults 
banished, and a recognised type produced, so that 
what might originally have been regarded as a 
' cross-bred ' or ' mongrel ' is now an established 
variety. The terriers (Fox, Scottish, Airedale, 
Welsh, Bedlington, Irish, Bull, Manchester, etc.) 
all make really useful companions, and most of 
these can be trained to hunt a hedgerow or covert 
for rabbits, etc., or for 'ratting' and badger 
hunting, etc. As most ladies prefer the smaller 
varieties of dogs, and are generally on the ' look- 
out' for something new, various breeds from abroad 
have recently found favour ; hence Pekinese and 
Japanese Spaniels and Brussels Griffons are now 
very popular. The Russian Wolfhound or Borzois, 



INTRODUCTION 25 

Persian Greyhounds, Elk Hounds, Samoyede, 
Bouledoges Frangais, Lhassa Terriers, Australian 
Terriers, and Schipperkes are all, with the ex- 
ception of the last-named, friends from over the 
sea. 

Dog-breeding for Pleasure or Profit. 

There can be no doubt that dog-breeding, if it 
be carried on upon thoroughly systematic lines, 
may become a most lucrative occupation, and a 
source — we will not say a constant source — of 
pleasure to the proprietor. Every breeder of dogs 
has his hours of gladness and sadness, the latter 
becoming manifest particularly when his younger 
stock are visited by some destructive disease, of 
which distemper is the worst. Although good 
management goes a long way towards success, the 
visitation of a kennel by this malady must not be 
looked upon as arising through mismanagement. 
All things being favourable, the best, and certainly 
the most economical, method of establishing a 
kennel upon sound principles is to select, say at 
six months, a pup, preferably a bitch, or, what is 
still better, a couple of bitch-pups. It is best 
to apply to some breeder of repute, and, having 
ascertained particulars, to visit his premises, 
make your selection, pay the price, and bring the 
puppies away with you. This, with good luck, 



26 THE DOG 

will constitute the nucleus of your kennel, and 
from it, step by step, you may hope to reach the 
pinnacle of fame in the particular breed Avhich 
you have selected. So far, of course, you have 
only the feminine element in the kennel, and it 
now remains to make a judicious selection of a 
stud dog. If the alliance brings forth fruit, and 
luck attends your efforts, select the best only out 
of the litters — say a dog and a bitch pup out of 
each one — disposing of the other members of the 
family as soon as they are weaned. Why the 
writer advises their immediate sale after weaning 
is because faults that may develop later on are 
not so plainly marked at this time; thus better 
prices can be obtained. In a sense, the plan 
advocated cuts both ways, as the best may, un- 
wittingly, be disposed of in this manner. Terriers, 
Retrievers, and Toy-dogs are the varieties from 
which the best returns maybe anticipated; and the 
cost of keep, etc., is much less than with some of 
the larger breeds. Pointers, Setters, St. Bernards, 
Great Danes, etc., are not in particular demand. 
Individual breeds of dogs rise and fall in a 
commercial sense, or, in other words, every breed 
of dog has its day. If fortunate enough to breed 
a ' flyer,' fix a reasonable catalogue price upon it 
at the shows, in order to tempt those on the 
lookout for something above the average. Never 



INTRODUCTION 27 

refuse money if a reasonable offer is made, as it 
frequently happens that the fortunes of life are 
unexpectedly turned into misfortunes. 

None of the foreign breeds beyond the Spaniels, 
unless it be the Borzois or Russian Wolfhound, is 
a desirable investment for profit. Collies and 
Spaniels are ever popular varieties, and very good 
prices can be obtained for good specimens, whilst 
the second and third-raters out of a litter can be 
sold for companionship or work. The Chow-chow 
has always been a fashionable dog, so has the 
Poodle, and these command good prices. Ladies 
are very fond of Pomeranians, but these are not 
much good as companions. Yorkshire Terriers 
always maintain a fair position in public estima- 
tion, and quite recently the breed has once more 
come to the front. A great deal might be said 
regarding dog-breeding as a pleasurable industry, 
but it is only necessary to add that second and 
third-rate specimens of any breed are often very 
difficult to dispose of, therefore the aim of the 
breeder should be the production of 'only the 
best/ 



28 THE DOG 



ELEMENTARY ANATOMY OF THE DOG 

The term ' Endo -skeleton ' is applied to that of the 
dog, horse, ox, etc., in fact, to vertebrate animals 
in general, in contradistinction to 'Exo-skeleton,' 
characteristic of the invertebrates. The first- 
named serves to support the soft structm^es lying 
outside the visceral cavities, whereas the latter 
encloses the soft structures. The skeleton may 
be regarded as the framework upon which the 
walls of the economy are raised, at the same 
time serving as a basis for the general formation 
of the body. The fore-limbs are not attached to 
the skeleton, their attachment being to the walls 
of the chest by muscle, whereas in man the top 
part of the limb is articulated to the skeleton. 
. . . The hind-limbs, however, articulate through 
the medium of the pelvic girdle, a bone com- 
posed of three segments on each side, called 
the ilium, ischium, and pubis, the anterior boun- 
dary of which forms the inlet, and the posterior 
boundary the outlet of the pelvic cavity. The 



ELEMENTARY ANATOMY OF THE DOG 29 

skull of the dog varies considerably in its shape, 
in accordance with the variety of the animal. 
For instance, in some breeds it has an inclina- 
tion to be globular, whereas in others it is 
elongated. What is called the ' peak ' or sagittal 
crest is very prominent in some breeds, whereas 
in others it is quite flat. The skull is composed 
of a number of bones, and these during early life 
can be separated from one another, but soon after 
birth their distinction becomes less marked, and 
in course of time more or less obliterated. The 
lower jaw is always well developed, and in almost 
every breed it should be about as long as the 
upper ; if it projects beyond the latter, the dog is 
said to be ' undershot,' whereas, if it is too short 
and the upper jaw projects, the term 'overshot' 
is applied. With certain exceptions both these 
conditions are most serious faults, but in the 
Brussels Griffon slight protrusion of the lower 
jaw is regarded as a good point. Without wish- 
ing to seem presumptuous, the author would ask 
why such a detriment should be looked upon 
with favour ? The same remark applies to the 
bull-dog, and the sooner the protruding jaw 
becomes a disqualifying feature, the better it 
will be for the welfare of the dog. It favours 
premature shedding of the teeth, and handicaps 
a dog during combat. 



30 THE DOG 

The following are the vertebrae, in their order 
from head to tail : seven neck or cervical, thirteen 
dorsal, to each of which a pair of ribs is attached, 
the loins or lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the 
tail bones, but in certain breeds, such as the bob- 
tailed sheep-dog, and, very often, the Schipperke, 
the last-named are sometimes suppressed. The 
sternum or breast-bone is composed of eight 
segments, to which eight ribs are attached, and 
these ribs are spoken of as ' true,' in contra- 
distinction to the other five which are termed 
' false.' The sternum forms the floor of the chest, 
the arms the anterior boundary, the ribs the 
lateral walls, and the bodies of the dorsal verte- 
brae, the roof of the chest cavity, so that the 
chest organs are well protected by the skeleton, 
much better, in fact, than the organs within the 
abdominal cavity. 

The fore-limbs correspond to the hands and 
arms in man, but the collar-bone is either 
altogether absent, or else very rudimentary. The 
bones composing the limb are the shoulder-blade 
or scapula, the arm or humerus, the fore-arm or 
radius, together with the ulna at the back of it, 
the top of the last-named forming the point of 
the elbow. Next are the bones of the knee, or 
more correctly the wrist, followed by the five 
metacarpal bones, the first one, that is the one 



ELEMENTARY ANATOMY OF THE DOG 31 

on the inner side, being the shortest. The digits 
or fingers are five in number, corresponding to 
the human hand. 

The Hind-Limb. 

The femur or first thigh, articulates with the 
pelvic bone in a ball-and-socket joint; it is a 
fairly strong bone, forming, with the upper end 
of the tibia or second thigh bone, plus the 
patella or kneecap, the stifle. The femur is in 
a much more sheltered position than the second 
thigh bone, therefore less liable to injury. The 
patella or kneecap is a very small bone. At the 
side of the tibia there is a slender bone known as 
the fibula, which in the dog articulates with one 
of the bones of the hock, a joint that corresponds 
with the ankle in man. The remainder of the 
bones, from the hock downwards, are practically 
identical with those in the fore-limbs. 

A fracture in any of the long bones of the 
hind-limb is much more troublesome to deal 
with than fractures of the fore-limb. 



32 THE DOG 



CONFORMATION AND POINTS OF THE 
VARIOUS BREEDS 

Under this heading the writer proposes to give a 
brief survey of some of the chief points and faults 
of the principal breeds of dogs. The popularity 
of a breed is not constant, and the dog that is in 
fashion this year may be out of fashion next. At 
present the medium-sized and smaller varieties of 
dogs seem to be most in favour, and perhaps the 
preference shown to these varieties is sensible. The 
following figures, taken from a recent catalogue of 
the Kennel Club's shows, are instructive : — Setter 
classes (exclusive of braces and teams), 45, where- 
as a few years ago there were probably more than 
double this number; Mastiff classes, about 30, 
although ten or fifteen years ago these classes 
were amongst the best-filled in the show ; Pomer- 
anians, on the other hand, nearly 190, proof of 
the extreme popularity of the breed. Fox- 
terriers continue to be as popular as ever, but 
the smooth-haired variety has been somewhat 
displaced by its wire-haired brethren. Numerous 
other instances might be quoted, but the fore- 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 33 

going will be sufficient to show that each variety 
has its season of sunshine. 

The St. Bernard. 

These monarchs of strength and beauty have 
always been popular in this and other countries, 
where their chief use is for companionship, or 
for the guardianship of property. It is hardly 
necessary to say that the breed had its origin on 
Mount St. Bernard, being used at the Hospice by 
the monks for rendering first aid to belated 
travellers. Many and many a life has been saved 
by these dogs, which truly represent the dog as 
a friend of man. The best specimens of St. 
Bernards have been bred in this country, and 
wonderful examples have, from time to time, 
appeared upon the British show-benches. Enor- 
mous prices, notably that paid by an American 
for the world-renowned Plinlimmon, have been 
obtained for first-class specimens. There are 
rough and smooth St. Bernards, but smooth 
specimens occasionally appear in a litter bred 
from rough-coated parents. The typical colour 
for a St. Bernard is orange, red, or some shade of 
brindle, or else white with any of the colours 
just mentioned, the last-named being important. 
There should be a white blaze at the face, white 
collar, white muzzle, white forelegs and feet, and. 



34 THE DOG 

upon the ears, a shading of black. The coat, if 
short, must be flat, hard, and dense; if rough, 
dense and flat. A St. Bernard must not be too 
' leggy,' nor must it be too short in the legs ; to 
be either is a fault. The correct height is about 
thirty-two inches, as measured at the shoulder, 
and the average weight for a dog, in fairly good 
form, may be set down as 200 lbs., but a couple of 
stones either way is not of much importance. 
Plinlimmon weighed 210 lbs., and was 33 J inches 
at the shoulder. 

The head ought to be massive, and the ' stop ' 
well marked. The ' haw ' ought to be plainly seen, 
and the eyes dark and small, deeply set in the 
orbits. A St. Bernard must be massive in all 
proportions, and the bones of the limbs big and 
perfectly straight. Any tendency to lightness of 
forearm constitutes a fault, but one of the worst 
faults that a St. Bernard can have, and it is most 
certainly a very, very common one, is the bending 
in an outward direction of the limbs below the 
hocks. A dog whose limbs bend in this way is 
said to have 'cow-hocks,' and the deformity is 
unquestionably hereditary, and every judge looks 
upon it with disfavour. Another fault is a flesh- 
coloured nose {' Dudley ' nose), which constitutes 
a disqualifying feature. When a dog is altogether 
fawn in colour, and has only black shadings, or 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 35 

is black, black and tan, black and white, black, 
white and tan, or all white, it will be disqualified, 
if shown. Very common faults are, a curly tail, 
curly coat, wall eyes, flat or domed skull (like- 
wise a self-coloured dog, without black points or 
shadings). It is hardly necessary to say that 
powerful back and loins, and gracefully-sloping 
quarters, constitute ideals of beauty. 

The Newfoundland. 

This variety of dog has never attained the 
popularity of the St. Bernard, and there does not 
appear any likelihood that he ever will. New- 
foundlands are large, handsome dogs, either 
altogether black, or black-and-white, the latter 
being often spoken of as the Landseer Newfound- 
land, because this animal figures in a picture by 
Landseer. Inferior specimens of Newfoundlands 
are very prevalent, and the inferiority is mostly 
in want of size and general massiveness. The 
coat should be flat and dense, and of a water- 
resisting nature. Small dark-coloured eyes, 
deeply set, small closely-set ears, and large feet 
are typical of good breeding. The average height 
for a dog is 27 inches, and the weight from 120 
to 150 lbs., with an average of 135 lbs. In 
retrievers and certain other breeds which are 
black in colour, raven blackness of coat con- 



36 THE DOG 

stitutes an important point, but in tlie Newfound- 
land this remark does not apply, a rusty or 
bronze tinge, with or without a splash of white 
on chest or toes, not being looked upon with dis- 
favour. In a black-and-white Newfoundland even 
distribution of the markings is important, and 
judges usually pay a good deal of attention to 
this. The skull should be massive, broad, and 
flat, and the muzzle square. The forearms, first 
and second thighs, must be big in the bones ; in 
fact, massiveness throughout the whole conforma- 
tion expresses the general build of a Newfound- 
land. The faults are : curly coat, curly tail, cow- 
hocks, want of massiveness in head, body, or 
limbs, bad temper, etc. There is a Newfoundland 
Club, and this body allots 34 per cent, of points 
for the head. These dogs make excellent com- 
panions, and as a rule they are very good-tempered; 
make good yard dogs, but are inclined to become 
savage if kept too much on the chain. It is their 
nature to be fond of water, therefore they are 
easily trained to retrieve from it; in fact, the 
Newfoundland has attained a notoriety — in all 
probability a good deal overestimated, and largely 
of a pictorial nature — as a life-saving dog, and the 
Humane Society have distributed awards to New- 
foundlands for meritorious conduct of this kind. 
Puppies are easy to rear, and thrive admirably in 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 37 

cold climates, whilst excellent specimens can be 
bought at prices ranging from several guineas up 
to fifteen or twenty, whilst more than treble the 
latter sum is occasionally paid for a show dog. 

Great Danes or Boarhounds. 

This is a short-haired, smooth-coated variety of 
hound, formerly used for hunting the wild boar, 
but now kept in this country either as a com- 
panion, or for the guardianship of property. They 
are powerfully-built dogs, but quite unlike the 
St. Bernard, Mastiff or Newfoundland, being built 
upon racing lines. For a long time they have 
been very popular dogs, more especially with 
women; in fact, ladies have been some of the 
principal exhibitors in this country. Most boar- 
hounds have a sweet temperament, are not difiScult 
to rear, and make excellent companions and good 
house-dogs ; and puppies of fashionable breeding 
can be bought at reasonable prices. A typical 
boarhound should suggest to the observer strength, 
speed, and staying power ; and, unless it possesses 
these three points in the highest degree, it lacks 
the characteristics of the breed. In colour this 
variety of dog varies considerably, some fanciers 
preferring one, others another colour. Brindle, 
fawn, blue, harlequin, and black are the princi- 
pal colours. In its native land the dog, to be 



38 THE DOG 

correct, should be white, with black markings. 
Harlequin boarhounds are white with black, grey, 
or, occasionally, fawn and brindle splashes, but 
none of these markings, excepting the black, and 
less frequently the grey, is desirable. At one 
time it was customary to crop these dogs, but the 
practice has been abolished in this country. The 
coat ought to be flat, short, thick and hard, and 
the weight from 120 to 160 lbs., according to sex, 
and the height at the shoulders from 30 to 36 
inches. A dog, if under 30 inches, will be dis- 
qualified from competing. The limbs fore and 
aft must be perfectly straight, large in the bones, 
and, when the dog is walking or running, carried 
in a line with the body. Feet should be large 
and round, toes compact and well arched. The 
chest ought to be deep, and the ribs well sprung ; 
any tendency towards flat-sidedness being faulty. 
Connoisseurs are very particular about quality in 
the region of the head, which must have great 
strength of muzzle, and be long in the nose, 
but length of head varies with the height of 
the dog, about 12 inches being a fair measure- 
ment from tip of nose to back of skull, which 
ought to be somewhat flat. The bridge of the 
nose, and the nostrils, must be wide. Much 
importance is attached to the lips and lower jaw; 
the former should hang quite squarely in front ; 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 39 

and the underline of the lower jaw be in a straight 
line from the angle of the lip to the angle of the 
jaw-bone; in other words, dogs should appear to 
be clean-cut along the line of the lower jaw, and 
have the angle of the bone clearly defined.^ Small, 
high-set ears, carried close to the side of the head, 
with small, deeply -set, dark -brown eyes, and a 
keen expression generally, are points of beauty. 
A lofty carriage of the neck, slightly oblique 
shoulders, arched loins, long, powerful, strong first 
and second thighs, broad clean joints, and a high 
set- on, strong, tapering tail (which must never 
curve over the back), carried straight out, when 
dog is at exercise, and have a slight scimitar-like 
curve towards the tip, when the dog is at rest, 
are, individually, and collectively, qualifications for 
the show-ring. A broad-chested, small-sized dog, 
or one with greyhound-like ears, lips cut away in 
front, and a tail that curls over the back, is a very 
faulty specimen of this breed. 

The Mastiff. 

This grand old breed of dog used to be ex- 
ceedingly popular, more especially amongst the 
wealthier classes, and from time to time some 
wonderful specimens have appeared upon the 

^ Judges insist upon these dogs being ' clean ' on the 
* underline. ' 



40 THE DOG 

show-bench, |but within the last few years the 
breed has steadily declined. This is to be 
regretted, because the Mastiff, owing to its ancient 
lineage, stands pre-eminently out as a variety of 
dog particularly suitable for the guardianship of 
the mansion, and the mastiff has mostly been 
owned, and bred, by the wealthier classes. There 
are fawn and brindle varieties, but the fawns 
have always been in the greatest demand, their 
black points making them exceedingly handsome. 
Tiger-brindle mastiffs would appear to be more 
suitable for night work, and that is why game- 
keepers have employed this cross for the pro- 
duction of the so-called 'night' dog, used for 
companionship, and the protection of the game- 
keeper during his nocturnal wanderings. Right 
good 'pals' these dogs make, for their presence 
usually strikes terror into the heart of the poacher. 
The number of entries at the Kennel Club Show 
in 1906 was only thirty. 

What has been called the ' Lymehall ' strain is 
said to have been bred by the Leighs, of Limehall 
in Cheshire. The temperament of mastiffs varies, 
and, like other dogs, they are liable, when kept 
on chain, to become savage. The fawn mastiff 
is of two shades, corresponding to the shades of 
the pug. The average height for a dog is about 
30 inches, and its weight from 155 to 175 lbs. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 41 

To be typical a mastiff must be of massive 
build throughout, in other words, have a heavy 
bony framework, and a well-developed muscular 
system. The eyes should be small, dark-hazel in 
colour, with no evidence of ' haw ' ; the ears small 
and thin; the nose broad and flat; the muzzle 
short and broad ; the contour of the head square, 
the forehead being flat, and the skull broad 
between the ears; the skin covering the fore- 
head loose, and slightly wrinkled ; the chest wide 
and deep, square in its outline, and with weU- 
sprung ribs. Straight fore-limbs, with powerful 
hind -quarters, well-directed hocks, and a tail 
carried slightly upwards under excitement, are 
additional points of beauty. One of the commonest 
faults of the mastiff is the so-called ' cow hocks,' 
and any tendency towards this defective confor- 
mation would necessarily handicap a dog, however 
good it may be in other points. The constitution 
of the mastiff is usually good, and puppies are not 
difiicult to rear. 

The Deerhound. 

These rough-coated hounds are now chiefly 
used for companionship, though formerly they 
were used in Scotland for stag-hunting, hence 
the name 'deer' or 'stag' hound. Large fox- 
hounds are often used for hunting the stag, 



42 THE DOG 

and spoken of as staghounds. They are large 
dogs built upon racing lines, weighing from 80 to 
100 lbs., and with a thick, hard, wiry coat, that 
gives a shaggy appearance. The average height, 
as measured at the shoulders, is 30 inches, but 
bitches are generally a trifle smaller. Brindle 
and steel-grey are the usual colours, but fawn, 
less frequently white, specimens are occasionally 
seen on the show-benches. In an old coloured 
print before the writer, a couple of deerhounds, 
pictured as present at the death of a stag, are 
white, with brindle or blackish markings upon the 
ears, side of the face, and the ribs and quarters. 
Although somewhat undersized, the dogs re- 
presented are in all respects closely allied to the 
type of deerhound now in existence. The deer- 
hound's head should be long and flat on the top 
of the skull; the muzzle indicative of great 
strength ; the eyes dark brown or hazel ; the ears 
small, and carried close to the side of the head. 
The carriage of the tail is important ; it must 
never curl over the back, but have a degree of 
the so-called ' gay ' carriage when the dog is under 
excitement. The withers are rather high; the 
neck long; the shoulders deep and strong; the 
back, loins, and quarters long ; and the breast of 
medium width. The general contour of the dog 
is like that of the greyhound, but of a distinctly 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 43 

heavier type. The fore and the hind Hmbs are 
placed as in the greyhound, but there is much 
more bone and substance in them, owing to the 
nature of the work for which the breed has been 
designed. 

The Borzois or Russian Wolfhound. 

These hounds have become very popular in 
England, the chief patrons being the upper classes. 
They are exceedingly handsome animals, and 
built upon the lines of the greyhound and deer- 
hound, though of a much heavier type than the 
former. In Russia the Borzois is used for hunt- 
ing the wolf, a brace of these dogs being slipped 
directly a wolf is driven out of covert. Their 
enormous strength enables them to hold on until 
the wolf is despatched by the hunter. The coat 
must be long and silky, and flat or wavy, but curls 
are not objected to. Around the neck there 
should be a frill ; and the hair on the head, ears, 
and fore-limbs should be short and smooth; on 
the chest, body, quarters, and thighs, long; and 
on the tail heavily feathered, for a dog to stand 
up well in the prize-list. In colour, the Borzois 
is white, with patches of grey or orange on the 
body, some being heavily marked, others only 
feebly so. The head must be long, and finely 
chiselled from its back, to the nostrils; the 



44 THE DOG 

length is mainly in the nose. All Borzois have a 
very effeminate expression. The eyes are dark, 
and oblique in shape : the ears are thin, set far 
back on the head, and covered by fine hair. 
The neck is long, giving the head a lofty carriage, 
and the shoulders are deep and sloping. Owing 
to the high speed at which these dogs have to 
work, it is necessary that the chest be of great 
capacity, and it is both deep and wide. Powerful 
loins, clean, straight fore-limbs, long, muscular 
first and second thighs, strong pasterns, and toes 
closely set together, well-arched, and thick below, 
are amongst the more prominent features of the 
breed. The tail must never be carried gaily, nor 
curl over the back. The constitution of the 
Borzois is not of the hardiest, and a considerable 
percentage of puppies succumb to the pneumonic 
complications of distemper; hence typical speci- 
mens are somewhat expensive to purchase. In 
this country these dogs are used only as com- 
panions. Their temperaments vary, some being 
extremely docile, others vicious to a degree. 

The Irish Wolfhound. 

This variety of dog, which in all probability 
has been produced by a cross from the deerhound, 
is said to have had its origin in Ireland, being 
used there for the destruction of wolves, about a 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 45 

couple of centuries since. The present strain of 
wolfhound is the product of crossing a deerhound 
with a boarhound, and the Irish Wolfhound Club 
was formed for the purpose of watching over the 
interest of the breed thus produced, which in 
most respects is closely allied to the deerhound. 
The following is the Club's standard : — Height, 31 
inches for dogs, and 28 inches for bitches.^ 
Weight for dogs 120 lbs., and for bitches 90 lbs. 
Head, long; muzzle, long; skull, not too broad. 
A deep chest; a wide breast; a long, strong, 
muscular, well-arched neck; arched loins; and 
long strong quarters and thighs ; large round 
feet, well directed; and straight, big-boned fore- 
limbs. With reference to colour, grey, white, 
fawn, brindle, red, black, etc., are recognised. The 
Irish wolfhound has never attained any degree of 
popularity, and there is no particular reason why 
it should, there being no work suitable for it in 
this country. It is not so handsome a companion 
as the borzois. 

The Foxhound. 

The following description is given in the Fox- 
hound Stud Book, and, as it is very accurate, the 
writer has taken the liberty of reproducing it : — 

* The head should be of full size, but by no 

^ The Club is anxious to increase the height to 34 inches. 



46 THE DOG 

means heavy. Brow pronounced, but not high 
or sharp. There must be good length and breadth, 
sufficient to give the dog-hound a girth in front of 
the ears of fully 16 inches. The nose should be 
long (4J inches) and wide, with open nostrils. 
Ears set on low, and lying close to the cheek. 
The neck must be long and clean without the 
slightest throatiness ; it should taper nicely from 
the shoulders to the head, and the upper outline 
should be slightly convex. The shoulders should 
be long and well clothed with muscle, without 
being heavy, especially at the points ; they must 
be well sloped, and the true arm between the front 
and the elbow must be long and muscular, but 
free from fat and lumber. The chest should girth 
over 30 inches in a 24-inch hound, and the back 
ribs must be very deep. The back and loin must 
both be very muscular, running into each other 
without any contraction or nipping between them. 
The couples must be wide, even to raggedness, 
and there should be the very slightest arch in the 
loin, so as to be scarcely perceptible. The hind- 
quarters or propellers are required to be very 
strong, and as endurance is of even more con- 
sequence than speed, straight stifles are preferred 
to those much bent, as in the greyhound. Elbows 
set quite straight, and neither turned in nor out, 
are a sine qua non ; they must be well let down 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 47 

by means of the long true arm above mentioned. 
Every master of foxhounds insists on legs as 
straight as a post, and as strong ; size of bone at 
the ankles and stifles being specially regarded as 
all-important. The feet, in all cases, should be 
round and catlike, with well-developed knuckles, 
and strong pads and nails are of the utmost im- 
portance. The colour and coat are not regarded 
as very important, so long as the former is a hound 
colour, and the latter is short, dense, hard, and 
glossy. Hound colours are black, tan, and white, 
black-and-white, and the various "pies" com- 
pounded of white and the colour of the hare and 
badger, or yellow or tan. In some old strains the 
blue mottle of the Southern hound is still pre- 
served. The stern is gently arched, carried gaily 
over the back and slightly fringed with hair below. 
The end should taper in a point. The symmetry 
of the foxhound is considerable, and what is called 
"quality" is highly regarded by all good judges. 
The weight of a dog-hound from 70 to 80 lbs., 
of a bitch-hound from 60 to 70 lbs.' 

Otter-Hounds. 

The sport afforded through the use of these 
hounds is excellent, and it is a good deal fol- 
lowed in certain parts of the country. There 
are numerous packs of otter-hounds, and the 



48 THE DOG 

followers of this form of chase aver that it is 
equal to any form of hunting. It is certainly a 
very ancient sport. It is somewhat singular that 
the only otter-hounds shown at the recent Kennel 
Club shows are those belonging to the Dumfries- 
shire pack. The representatives sent are usually 
very typical specimens. The average height is 
about 24 inches, and the weight from 50 to 80 
lbs. The bitches generally weigh a trifle less 
than the dog-hounds. 

A great deal of importance is attached to the 
quality of the coat. It must be very hard, water- 
resisting, and of a shaggy nature. The colours of 
the otter-hound vary considerably, some being 
sandy, others grizzle and tan, blue and white, 
fawn and white, black and tan, etc. The grizzle 
and tan is the most popular colour. 

The body ought to be stoutly built, and the 
hound well coupled throughout. A sound set of 
large teeth, powerful jaws, a profusion of shaggy 
hair over the face, and a keen expression, are 
essential qualifications in the region of the head. 
The fore and hind limbs must be built on power- 
ful lines, ending in large feet that are particularly 
hard below. The general conformation of these 
hounds should be that expressive of great power 
and endurance. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 49 

The Bloodhound. 

According to the classification adopted by the 
Kennel Club, the bloodhound is regarded as a 
sporting dog, but he is certainly not employed in 
this country for sport. The variety is ancient, 
and has been repeatedly employed for the purpose 
of tracking criminals, but, all things considered, 
the results have hardly been satisfactory, or, at 
any rate, not so satisfactory as to warrant the use 
of the dog by the Criminal Investigation Depart- 
ment, although demonstrations have often been 
given by enthusiastic breeders with a view to 
establishing the -animal's usefulness. A remark- 
able feature of the bloodhound's scenting power 
is the ability to work out the trail or track of a 
stranger, whereas other breeds of dogs are only 
able to follow the footprints of their masters. 
The scent on pavements and crowded thorough- 
fares becomes lost, hence the drawback to their 
employment for criminal work. 'Bloodhounds 
were used by Henry viii. in the wars in France, 
by Queen Elizabeth against the Irish, and by the 
Spaniards in Mexico and Peru ' (American Book of 
the Dog). It is a popular, but erroneous, opinion 
that the bloodhound is a vicious dog ; in fact, it 
would be a difficult matter to find a dog of a more 
amiable disposition, and when one of these hounds 
is placed on the trail of a man, say on a country 



50 THE DOG 

highway, it will easily find him, but not do him 
the slightest injury on coming up with him. It 
is interesting to note that, in hunting, the blood- 
hound relies entirely upon the sense of smell, and 
the greyhound entirely upon the sense of sight, 
wherefore the one holds his head low, and the 
other high. The constitution of bloodhounds is 
not of the most robust, and a number of puppies 
die through distemper. The head of a blood- 
hound is distinct from that of every other variety 
of dog ; the heavily-wrinkled head, the high peak, 
the almost completely concealed eyes and vis- 
ible ' haw,' are prominent features. The dome of 
the skull is rather narrow, and most of the wrink- 
ling begins on a level with the ears, which hang 
down, and are very long, thin, and covered with 
fine soft hair. The nose is broad, and the nos- 
trils black ; the eyes small, hazel in colour, and 
deeply set in their orbits. The flews or cheeks 
are long, hanging two or three inches below the 
level of the jaws. The facial expression of a 
bloodhound may not, inaptly, be described as one 
of wisdom. In general build, these hounds must 
be considered as distinctly slack, in opposition to 
the term ' well coupled,' so characteristic of the 
foxhound. The neck is long, the chest wide and 
deep, and the fore-limbs ought to be perfectly 
straight, and stoutly built. Back and loins 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 51 

strong; the area of the flank extensive. The 
stern, Hke that of other hounds, should be carried 
gaily. The colour should be black and tan, or 
tan only. If black and tan, the black should 
run along the back, top of the head, neck, and 
sides, but the colouring is usually blended. Lion- 
coloured bloodhounds are occasionally met with. 
The coat should be short and hard, excepting on 
the head and ears, where it is much softer in 
texture. 

The Beagle. 

These small hounds are chiefly used in packs 
for rabbit-hunting, and there are rough and 
smooth varieties, but the smooth hounds are in 
most demand, as proved by the number of entries 
at the Kennel Club Show. The term 'pocket 
beagle ' is applied to the smaller variety of hound, 
and for several generations these little dogs have 
been held in great esteem. There is no doubt 
they have been derived from the foxhound, 
several characteristics of which they exhibit in 
a marked manner. A typical beagle may be any 
hound- colour, but it must have a close, hard 
coat, a short back, strong loins, and a gaily 
carried stern. In fact, the nearer these little 
hounds approach the build of the foxhound in a 
modified form, the more typical they become. 



52 THE DOG 

The head should be long, and the skull well 
domed, yet m outline the head must be square, 
bearing long, low set-on ears, covered by fine short 
hair, and be carried like that of the foxhound. As 
these little hounds have to undergo a good deal of 
exertion, it is essential that the chest be deep, 
favoured by long and well-sprung ribs. The fore 
and hind limbs must be straight, of good bone and 
substance, and the hound well coupled through- 
out. The eyes, either of brown or of hazel, and the 
nostrils should be large, and the whole face have a 
hound-like expression. The feet should be hard 
and compact. Taken altogether, the beagle is 
a natty little dog. The most popular colour is 
black, white, and tan, but lemon-and-white, and 
blue-and -lemon mottles are frequently met with. 
The chief defects of these hounds are: a flat skull, 
short ears, eyes too close together, narrow loins, 
poor elbows, spreading feet, cow-hocks, lightness 
of bone, and a general want of hound character. 
Regarding the constitution of these dogs it is 
not necessary to say very much, because in all 
respects they resemble the foxhound, and, as 
the Kennel huntsman knows, it is chiefly during 
youth that ailments occur, distemper claiming 
a considerable number of victims. There are 
numerous packs of beagles throughout this 
country and America, but these are small, when 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 53 

compared with the numbers of foxhound and 
harrier packs. 

The Harrier. 

Of the Harrier, which is principally used in this 
country for hare -hunting, there are numerous 
packs. Harriers are, in reality, diminutive fox- 
hounds, and the description of the foxhound 
applies to the harrier, except that the head of the 
latter is somewhat broader, and the coat a little 
coarser in texture. 

The Bassett Hound. 

Bassetts are short-limbed, long- bodied, smooth 
or rough-coated hounds, with crooked fore-limbs, 
and long thin ears. The breed is said to have 
been introduced from France, where it had ex- 
isted for many centuries. Bassetts were known 
in France down to the seventeenth century as 
'Chiens d'Artois,' but since then this name has 
been applied to a larger variety of hound — the 
Picardy hound. In many respects the Bassett 
hound resembles the Dachshund. Its introduc- 
tion into England was chiefly due to Mr. Everett 
Millais, who brought a hound called 'Model' 
back with him from Paris. Lord Onslow at one 
time had a pack, and the late Mr. G. Krehl did 
a great deal towards the improvement of the 
breed. The Bassett Hound Club, formed in 1883, 



54 THE DOG 

was composed of Lord Onslow, Messrs. Krehl, 
Watson, Barton, Crake, and others.^ The hunts- 
man elected was Mr. Alleyn, the Club having 
decided to form a pack for hunting. Bassett 
hounds are sweet-tempered dogs, and even when 
they bring their quarry to bay they refuse to 
draw blood. In constitution they are somewhat 
delicate, a large percentage of them dying through 
distemper. The typical markings are tri-colour, 
the body being white, with one or more patches 
of black and tan. The side of the head and the 
face and ears are usually tan, with a white muzzle 
and ratch up the face ; but there are numerous 
varieties of markings upon a white groundwork 
with black and tan. The average height is from 
11 to 12 inches at the shoulder, and the weight 
between 40 and 45 lbs. In proportion to size 
the Bassett is a big-boned dog, with great strength 
at the shoulders and hind- quarters. The head 
should be long and narrow, and the occipital 
peak well developed. Nose broad; eyes dark 
brown, deeply set in the orbits, showing a good 
deal of 'haw.' Ears long, thin, velvety to the 
touch, and hanging loosely down at the side of 
the head. The neck is long, and the skin loose, 
with prominent breast-bone, but a deep chest. 

^ At one time Mr. Tottie of Bell-Busk had the finest kennel 
of Bassetts in the kinjTdom. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 55 

The strength of shoulders and arms in a typical 
Bassett is remarkable. The fore-limbs are short, 
and turn inwards at the knees, then outwards; 
in fact, a Bassett to be typical must have a good 
crook. The back and the loins are long and 
strong, the longer the better, provided that the 
hound is well coupled. Tail long and thick, and 
carried down. The coat must be smooth and 
close, but there is a rough-coated variety. Judges 
pay a great deal of attention to general symmetry ; 
to the correct conformation of the head; and, 
above all, to the facial expression. The blood- 
hound features of the head, face, and ears are 
less displayed upon the rough-coated variety, 
whose facial expression is not altogether unlike 
that of the otter-hound. During the last few 
years the Bassett classes at the Palace Show 
have been somewhat poorly filled, but in 1906 
Her Majesty the Queen showed a smooth-coated 
bitch, 'Sandringham Dido,' bred by Colonel 
Annand, and with it, we are pleased to note, 
obtained two first prizes. The rough-coated 
hounds have never been as much patronised as 
the smooth, yet they are very handsome dogs. 

The Greyhound. 

It is hardly necessary to enter into a detailed 
discussion regarding the uses and past history 



56 THE DOG 

of the Greyhound ; in fact, it is impossible to 
do so, owing to the hmited space at the disposal 
of the writer. According to HoUingshead, the 
breed was first introduced into Britain during 
the third century, and Arrian, writing in his 
Guinegetticus about a.d. 150, refers to coursing. 
Only the nobility were allowed to own greyhounds 
in olden times, and the destruction of one of 
them was punishable by death. Lord Orford 
founded a coursing club in Norfolk during 1776. 
Norfolk has always been famous for its grey- 
hounds, and there is more coursing in this county 
than in any other in Great Britain. The head of 
a greyhound is long and narrow, widening towards 
the eyes ; in fact, the skull should be fairly wide. 
The nostrils are long, and the nose broad; but 
a long lean head is regarded as typical. Eyes 
bright, with a far-reaching expression. The ears 
should be small, and carried close to the side of 
the head, but raised during attention. The neck 
must be long, possess a great degree of flexibility, 
and end in oblique shoulders. The shoulders 
should not be overloaded with muscle, or the 
dog is hampered in its movements. Breast ought 
not to be wide, but great depth of chest is of 
prime importance, any shallowness in this region 
being decidedly objectionable. The back and the 
loins are long, but special development of the 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 67 

muscles of the loins is very necessary. An 
arched back is preferable. The tail is long, nicely 
curved, and free from any coarse hair. Breeders 
of greyhounds necessarily pay a great deal of 
attention to quality in the regions of the fore 
and hind limbs. Arms and fore-arms must be 
well muscled, clean in outline, and of good length, 
ending in oblique pasterns and compact feet. The 
first and second thighs are longer in the grey- 
hound than in any other variety of dog, and 
are endowed with a high degree of muscular 
development — an indispensable factor in the 
coursing dog. The gaskins should be long ; the 
hocks clean, and strong; pasterns long, and feet 
compact. In short, a greyhound must be built 
upon exactly the same lines as the thoroughbred 
or race horse, in which speed and endurance, for 
a given time, are developed to the highest degree 
of perfection. 

The Pointer. 

Now that ' driving game ' is extensively 
practised, the pointer is not in such demand 
as it was before this method was introduced 
for bringing birds to the guns. The same may 
be said of the setter, the retriever having to 
some extent displaced these splendid gun-dogs. 
There is a considerable amount of evidence to 

D 



58 THE DOG 

show that the pointer has been derived from 
the Spanish pointer, a variety of dog that was 
larger, slower at its work, and less even-tempered 
than the present variety. The most popular are 
white dogs with liver-coloured or liver-and-white 
ticked markings, but judges are not too particular 
about the colour of the markings of the dog, 
provided that it is excellent in other points. 
Lemon-and-red markings are frequent, whereas 
all liver-coloured, red, or black pointers are 
occasionally met with, the last-named the least 
frequently. A medium-sized dog is preferred, 
and bitches are usually somewhat smaller than 
dogs, and of a slightly lighter build. Here is 
a description of the typical pointer: — Head of 
medium length, fairly wide in the forehead, with 
a squarish outline of muzzle and broad nostrils, 
the colour of the last-named corresponding with 
the markings of the dog, except in the case of a 
lemon-marked dog, in which the nose is flesh- 
coloured. The eyes small, deep hazel, and 
penetrating. The muzzle is deep, and the cheeks 
hang slightly below the level of the jaw; the 
ears should be thin, clothed with fine soft hair, 
and perfectly free from any fringe. The neck 
is rather long, this being necessary for their 
work; the breast of medium width, the chest 
deep. The shoulders slope gracefully, and the 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 59 

elbows are carried close to the sides. A pointer 
for the show-ring must excel in neck, shoulders, 
withers, and fore-limbs. If the chest is not 
well let down, too much daylight will be seen, 
especially when the dog is viewed from the 
front ; the fore-arms must be clean and straight, 
big-boned, and the pasterns long, of graceful 
slope, ending in strong-arched toes. Back and 
loins of medium length, but powerful, ending in 
a gracefully carried, neatly set-on stern. The 
pointer-judge is very keen on quality in this 
region. The stern should be carried straight 
out, the contour of a pointer, from head to 
stern, forming a striking contrast to that of 
every other variety of dog, unless it be the 
setter. The quarters should have a graceful 
slope, and the thighs the same. The hind- 
pasterns to be of proportionate length, well 
rounded, ending above in strong hocks. Both 
at the walk and the trot a pointer should 
exhibit graceful and lively movements, its action 
being free and fast. So far no mention has 
been made of temperament, which is most im- 
portant. A pointer should have a sweet temper 
and a high degree of intelligence, otherwise it 
will never be a clever worker. Any one con- 
templating the purchase of one of these dogs 
should either buy a puppy and have it broken by 



60 THE DOG 

an expert keeper, or else purchase a thoroughly 
broken animal, but this he ought never to do 
until a reasonable trial has been allowed. At 
the beginning of the shooting season many 
sportsmen arrange for the hire of pointers, 
setters, and retrievers, but many of the first- 
named would hardly be recognised as such, un- 
less the fact were pointed out to one. 

The Setter. 

Setters are divided into English, Irish, and 
Gordon or black-and-tan setters, but the English, 
sometimes spoken of as the Laverack setter, has 
always been the most popular variety, and the 
Irish setter in greater demand than the Gordon. 
All the setters have, however, suffered as a 
variety of dog since the introduction of driving 
the birds to the guns. The most famous strains 
of English setter are those known as the Laver- 
ack, the Blue Belton, and the Llewelyn. The 
whole of the setters are evidently of remote 
origin, though there is nothing definite known as 
to how the breed has been derived, but it is 
generally believed that there is a good deal of 
the spaniel element in it; in fact, the Sjports- 
man's Cabinet refers to the setter as the ' rough ' 
spaniel, and to the pointer as the ' smooth * 
spaniel ; hence the term ' setting ' or ' improved ' 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 61 

spaniel is sometimes applied to this breed. In 
a monograpli on the setter, written by Mr. 
Laverack, the writer gives it as his opinion that 
the setter is older than the pointer, and that it 
has been derived from the spaniel, an opinion 
that is entitled to respect. The Gordon setter, 
in all probability, was produced by crossing a 
black- and- tan collie with a setter, a theory sup- 
ported by the defective carriage so commonly 
seen amongst Gordon setters, and by the so- 
called ' tea-pot ' tail. The ' red ' or Irish setter 
is also regarded as having spaniel blood in its 
veins, but little of a definite nature is known 
of its origin. All setters have unquestionably 
had a common origin, the Irish and the Gordon 
being merely variations from the original stock. 
The leading features of the setter are his dash- 
ing style, beauty of conformation, and wonderful 
physical power. A thoroughly broken setter 
must find his birds with great alacrity, and any 
dog that fails in field trials to wind his birds 
quickly or makes false points, will not stand 
much chance of being in the money. The 
colours of the English setter are black and 
white with tan markings, orange and white, 
black and white, liver and white, black and 
white ticked; but blue and white, or blue and 
white ticked, are the most fashionable colours. 



62 THE DOG 

The Irish setter must be a deep red, and the 
Gordon setter, of a slightly heavier build, a 
raven black, with tan markings upon the limbs, 
etc. There is an elegance about the setter not 
observable in any other variety of dog. The 
head of a typical setter should be long and 
narrow, and the occipital dome rather high, with 
a deep muzzle square in outline, ending in broad 
nostrils; ears carried close to cheek, thin, and 
covered by soft hair; eyes of medium size, and 
deep brown in colour. A deep chest, clean 
oblique shoulders, and a strong neck of medium 
length, with oblique carriage of the head, are 
essential points of beauty. There must not be 
too much evidence of stop, otherwise the dog 
becomes what is called ' dish-faced,' a conforma- 
tion to which the setter seems predisposed. 

The fore-limbs should be perfectly straight; 
the arms muscular; and knees and pasterns 
broad, an oblique position of the pasterns being 
the best conformation. Feet well - feathered 
between the toes, resembling those of a hare. 
Back and loins strong, ribs well sprung, flank 
short, and stern carried in a line with the body. 
Judges pay a great deal of attention to character 
in this region. The tail is well-feathered below, 
the hair being longest towards the base and 
gradually tapering as the tip is approached. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 63 

This is spoken of as tlie 'flag,' and it must be 
carried in line with, or slightly above the level 
of, the back. The carriage of the tail gives the 
true setter character, and any inclination to- 
wards an upward curl is, for the show-bench, 
distinctly detrimental. The hair upon the tail 
must be silky and free from curl. The hind- 
quarters should be beautifully moulded, indicat- 
ing power and freedom of action, and be elegant 
to a degree. The weight for a setter ranges from 
60 to 65 lbs., when in good condition, slightly 
less for bitches. The coat must be long, flat, 
dense, and silky in texture, without wave or curl. 
When a setter moves, every action should show 
dash and style, and perfect harmony of the 
various parts of the body. The constitution of 
the setter varies, especially if dogs have been a 
lot inbred. Remarkably high prices have been 
paid for field-trial winners, and a thoroughly 
broken setter will always command a good price, 
provided that it shows good quality throughout. 

Retrievers. 

Retrievers are divided into flat-coated (formerly 
spoken of as wavy), curly-coated, and Labradors. 
Within the last few years the retriever has 
become extremely popular ; in fact, there are far 
more retrievers in use now than at any other 



64 THE DOG 

period in their history. At one time many sports- 
men used to train their pointers and setters to 
retrieve, and in the United States this is still a 
general custom. Although handy to have your 
birds found and retrieved when shot, it is detri- 
mental to both the pointer and setter to retrieve. 
The retriever is not an old variety of dog, and no 
doubt contains a good deal of the Newfoundland 
element in his blood, as will be seen in many 
inferior specimens. We do not mean inferior in 
work, for many of these large, rough- coated 
retrievers are really splendid field-dogs, but the 
majority of keepers have now gone in for first-class 
strains of retrievers, more especially since the 
foundation of the Gamekeepers' Association, and 
its annual Show, which does so much towards 
fostering a feeling of goodwill between master 
and servant, because the latter takes a much 
keener interest in breaking and training a dog 
belonging to himself than he would take if the 
dog belonged to anybody else. It is within the 
last twenty or five-and-twenty years that the flat- 
coated retriever has attained such a high degree 
of perfection, chiefly through the influence of a 
small band of specialists in the breed. The flat- 
coats and the Labradors are in the most demand, 
because it is not at all an easy matter to obtain 
tip-top specimens of the curly-coats, or, if one is 




u 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 65 

obtained, to keep the coat even in moderate con- 
dition. There is a vast difference between the 
* show ' form and the ' working ' form of the curly- 
coated retriever, but a flat-coated one need not 
give much trouble in this respect. In some re- 
trievers one can detect a trace of setter blood, no 
doubt introduced for the purposes of improving 
the carriage of the stern, and for increasing the 
dash, working pace, style, etc. This, however, can 
only exist to a very trifling extent, otherwise the 
utility of the retriever would be interfered with. 
A good retriever should work without any slip, 
and most gamekeepers, retriever-breakers, etc., 
now train their dogs to do without it, and this is 
the correct plan. First and foremost amongst 
all qualifications stands that of temperament: a 
retriever ought to have a sweet temper, to be 
obedient, responding, when broken, with alacrity, 
to his master's commands. Another important 
qualification is a keen scent. Any one wishing to 
see really clever working dogs congregated together 
ought to visit the autumn trials of the Retriever 
Society. If a sportsman wishes to purchase a 
thoroughly broken retriever, the writer advises 
him to apply to the Secretar}^ of the Gamekeepers' 
Association, Hertford, or to consult the adver- 
tisement columns of the Gamekeepers Gazette, 
pubHshed on the first of every month at Hertford. 



66 THE DOG 

Therein he will find dogs of all grades, but, if he 
is willing to pay a fair price, there should be no 
trouble in securing a first-class dog. In every 
case it is advisable to have the animal on trial 
for a week or two. The points of the flat-coated 
retriever are as follows : — 

Coat must be of raven blackness, perfectly flat, 
dense, of medium texture, and free from any sign 
of wave or curl ; but it must be understood that 
the so-called 'wavy' coat offers no detriment so 
far as the dog's working capacity is concerned. 
A flat coat is the orthodox one for show purposes, 
and any tendency towards openness of coat is dis- 
tinctly faulty. A moderate amount of feather at 
the backs of the fore-limbs and down to the hocks 
in the hind-limbs is desirable. A great deal of 
attention is paid to quality in the regions of the 
head and stern, and to the general conformation of 
the body. The ears should be small, fine in the 
leather, covered by soft, silky hair, and carried 
close to the side of the head ; the colour of the 
eyes is most important, and a judge will not award 
a retriever a prize if it has light eyes, an extremely 
common fault. The iris must be of a deep hazel, but 
in order that the reader may fully appreciate the 
correct colour of a retriever's eyes he should visit 
some show, and thus obtain practical information. 
The nostrils ought to be broad, the head narrow, 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 67 

but only so in proportion to dog's size. A retriever 
has a slightly-domed skull, and a very benevolent 
expression upon the face. The neck is of medium 
length, and the chest fairly broad and deep. The 
back and the loins are strong, and the stern is 
carried slightly below, or on a level with, the back, 
but it must never curl upwards, or over the latter, 
this being one of the worst faults a retriever can 
possess, so far as show-bench points are concerned. 
Fore-limbs must be straight, powerfully built, and 
end in close, compact feet, well- feathered between 
the toes. The carriage of the head is important ; 
this should be inclined to be lofty, enabling the 
dog to carry his game with greater ease. A 
sportsman will say that as yet we have not 
mentioned what is to him the most important 
point in a working retriever, the mouth. A 
'hard-mouthed' retriever will never command a 
good price. A ' tender ' mouth is one of the 
most important qualities, but of course neither of 
these can be distinguished on the show-bench. 
The hind-quarters, thighs, and the conformation 
of the hocks and pasterns must be good. Some 
retrievers are inclined to be cow -hocked, and 
others weedy, either fore or aft. Liver-coloured 
specimens with flat coats are nothing like so 
common as the wavy-coated, whilst typical speci- 
mens of the curly variety are somewhat difficult 



68 THE DOG 

to obtain. No matter whether it be a black or 
liver-coloured retriever, the presence of white hair 
upon any part of the body is detrimental for the 
show-bench, unless it be a trifling amount of 
white hair upon the breast, though judges prefer 
a dog absolutely free from white. The points of 
the curly-coated retriever are practically identical 
with the flat, except that the curlies are a trifle 
longer in the limb, and slightly different in the 
skull. A curly-coated retriever ought to have a 
dense mass of short, sharply-deflned, crisp, tightly- 
curled ringlets, but commonly the coat or a part 
of it lacks these qualities. For instance, the curls 
may be orthodox upon the ribs, quarters, etc., but 
slack on the back, or vice versa ; openness of curl 
has a tendency to show itself towards the stern, 
and over the ribs. 

The Labrador retriever is a heavily-built dog, 
the head and expression upon the face being 
much heavier than in the flat-coated retriever. 
The typical colour is black, but, strange to relate, 
lemon-coloured specimens, more rarely white ones, 
now and again make their appearance in a litter 
bred entirely from black parents. A strain bred 
by Lord Tweedmouth was of the first-named 
variety. The occasional appearance of these pups 
in litters may be looked upon as instances of 
atavism, i.e. harking back to some antecedent 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 69 

generation, and it may not be out of place to 
mention the Chesapeake Bay Dog, an American 
variety closely allied to our retriever, which has 
a reddish-brown or brownish-red coat, with hair 
from a half to an inch and a half in length, dense 
and wavy (see Foreign Dogs). The coat of the 
Labrador must be flat, hard, and dense ; the back, 
loins, and quarters particularly strong, and the 
tail carried straight out. The eyes must be dark, 
ears thin, and covered by soft hair, and the body 
stoutly built throughout, any tendency towards 
weediness of body or limbs being faulty. All 
varieties of retrievers are hardy, consequently 
puppies are not difficult to rear, and pedigree pups 
can be obtained for two or three guineas, and a 
soundly-broken second or third season dog ought 
to be got for twelve to five-and-twenty pounds, 
though several hundreds have been paid for dogs 
of exceptional brilliancy, either in the field or on 
the show-bench. 

Spaniels. 

The different varieties of Spaniels have always 
been great favourites with sportsmen, and there is 
evidence to show that the breed has been used by 
the gunner for several hundreds of years, and 
its popularity is now greater than ever. It has 
been a particular favourite with the single-handed 



70 THE DOG 

sportsman, and those who are fortunate enough to 
become possessed of a really cleverly-broken dog 
will find the spaniel hard to beat. Most of them 
are good-tempered, make excellent companions in 
the house or field, are obedient, of hardy consti- 
tution, and there is not much trouble experienced 
in breaking them when derived from a working 
strain. There are several varieties, which are as 
follows : — 

The Irish Water Spaniel. 

The Water Spaniel. 

The Clumber. 

The Field Spaniel. 

The Sussex Spaniel. 

The Cocker Spaniel. 

The Welsh Spaniel or Springer. 
The reader who is about to purchase a spaniel 
for sporting purposes will naturally ask which 
variety ought he to select. To answer this question 
in a thoroughly satisfactory manner is somewhat 
difficult, and the intending purchaser must first 
of all consider the class of sporting he is going 
to take up. For instance, if he requires a dog 
principally for hunting and retrieving wildfowl, 
the Irish water spaniel can be recommended 
in preference to all others. For land shooting 
and huntins coverts, etc., the Clumber is admir- 
able, and these dogs are rapidly coming to the 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 71 

front, although they have always been held in 
high esteem as ' gun ' dogs. The Cocker spaniel 
is a merry little worker, and a brace will perform 
an extraordinary amount of work, their diminutive 
size giving them an advantage over larger dogs. 
The Sussex spaniel, when pure bred, cannot be 
regarded as being of any particular value for 
the sportsman ; doubtless breeders of this variety 
will take exception to the author's remarks, but 
every man ought to be guided by his own experi- 
ence, whether it be general or not. 

Exhibition field spaniels and Sussex spaniels 
are nearly always very short upon the leg, and 
this is detrimental for work, more especially 
amongst the furrows. Of course the term 
' field ' spaniel is applicable to any variety of 
spaniel capable of adapting itself to, or being 
employed in connection with, the hunting and 
retrieving of small game. Most of the field 
spaniels on the show-benches to-day have more 
than a trace of Sussex blood in them, which is 
to be regretted ; and the sooner this is eliminated 
from the field spaniel the more useful the breed 
wiU become. Any tendency towards heaviness 
of body, shortness of limb, and sluggishness of 
temperament, renders a spaniel of less utility for 
work. 

If it is desirable to purchase a spaniel already 



72 THE DOG 

trained to the gun, the reader cannot do better 
than consult the columns of the Gamekeeper's 
Gazette, published on the first of every month, 
and obtained from the editors, Messrs Gilbertson 
and Page, Hertford. This paper circulates largely 
amongst gamekeepers, and some really excellent 
working spaniels can usually be procured through 
its columns. A description of the chief varieties 
of the spaniels is as follows : — 

The Irish Water Spaniel. 

When thoroughly broken, these dogs are capital 
workers, for either fur or feather. They are 
smart, active-looking dogs, hardy in constitution, 
intelligent, and not a great deal of trouble to 
break ; in fact, retrieving from water is practically 
inbred in them. They are much larger than 
any other variety of spaniel, being about 20 
inches at the shoulder. For some reason or 
other very few sportsmen and gamekeepers 
outside Ireland have kept these dogs, but in 
Ireland they have always occupied the front 
rank as a sportsman's dog, their utility being 
well known. There are two clubs watching over 
the interests of the breed: — The Irish Water 
Spaniel Club and the Sporting Irish Water 
Spaniel Club. The following is the scale of 
points framed by this body : — 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 73 
The Sporting Irish Water Spaniel Club. 



Scale of 
Positive Points. 



Head and jaws, eyes and 

top-knot. 
Ears, . 
Neck, . 
Body, . 
Fore-legs, 
Hind-legs, 
Feet, . 



Stern (including carriage), 10 
Coat, . . . j5 

General appearance, . lo 



20 

10 

5 

10 

5 



Points. 

Negative Points. 

White on chest, 

Paleness of coat. 

Light eye, 

Woolliness of coat, . 

Feather on stern dis- 
qualifies ; Feather on 
face disqualifies ; White 
on feet disqualifies ; 
Feather on front part 
of hind-leg from back 
to front, 
Want of feather on front 

of fore-legs, 
Splay feet, . 



5 
10 
10 

20 



Total 



100 



10 

10 
5 

70 



Descriptive Particulars. 
HEAD.-Skull and muzzle should be of ^ood 
size; skull high in dome, good length, and fairly 
wide, showmg large brain capacity; muzzle lon^ 
strong and somewhat square in appearance; face 
perfectly smooth. Top-knot should consist of 
long, loose curls, growing down into a well- 
defined peak between the eyes, and should not 
be m the form of a wig, ^... growing straight 
across. ^ 

EYES.-Comparatively small, dark amber, and 
very mtelligent-looking. 



74 THE DOG 

Ears. — Very long and lobe-shaped in the 
leather, set low, hanging quite close to the 
cheeks, and covered with long twisted curls of 
live hair. 

Neck. — Fairly long, strong, and arching (carry- 
ing the head well above the level of the back), 
and strongly set into the shoulders. 

Body (including size and symmetry). — Fair- 
sized, round, and barrel-shaped; so stout and 
compact as to convey a 'cobbiness' in appear- 
ance. Height — Dogs, about 21 to 23 inches 
at shoulder; bitches, about 20 to 22 inches 
(not under). 

Nose. — Large and well developed, and of a dark 
liver colour. 

Shoulders and Chest. — Shoulders very power- 
ful but not too straight or 'clody'; chest deep, 
but not too wide or round between the fore-legs 
though large in girth, with ribs well-sprung 
behind the shoulders. 

Back and Loins. — Back, short, broad, level, 
and very powerfully coupled to hind - quarters. 
Ribs carried well back, and loins deep and wide. 

Hind - quarters. — Very powerful, with long, 
well-bent stifles, and hocks set low. 

Stern. — Short and smooth, strong and thick 
at root (where it is covered for three or four 
inches with short curls), and, gradually tapering. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 75 

ends in a fine point. It should not be long 
enough to reach the hock joint, and should be 
carried nearly level with the back in a straight 
line. 

Feet and Legs. — Feet large, somewhat round 
and spreading, well clothed with hair, both over 
and between the toes, but free from any super- 
fluous feather. Fore-legs, well-boned, and straight, 
with arms well let down, and carrying the fore-arm 
at elbow and knee in a straight line with point 
of shoulders. 

Coat. — Composed of dense, tight, crisp, ringlets, 
entirely free from woolliness ; the fore-legs covered 
with feather, which should be abundant all round, 
though shorter in front, so as only to give a rough 
appearance ; below the hocks, the hind-legs must 
be smooth in front, but feathered behind down to 
the feet. 

Colour. — A very rich puce liver ; white on 
chest objectionable. Colour of coat to be judged 
by under coat and not by exterior. 

General Appearance. — That of a smart, up- 
standing, strongly-built, but not leggy dog, com- 
bining great intelligence and endurance, with a 
bold and dashing eagerness of temperament. 

The Water Spaniel. 

The term ' water spaniel ' is applicable to any 



76 THE DOG 

variety of spaniel used for retrieving from water, 
and it is only within the last few years that the 
Kennel Club have seen their way to open up a 
class for these dogs, which reads 'for water 
spaniels other than Irish.' The ambiguity of 
this classification is at once obvious, and there 
were only two entries at the show in 1906, 
'Chorister,' and 'Beechgrove Wildflower,' awarded 
first and second prize respectively, doubtless with- 
out overtaxing the judge's discriminating power. 
If any one were to ask the question, ' What con- 
stitutes a water spaniel ? ' he would indeed be 
a bold man who attempted to define the meaning 
of the term. Many of the water spaniels shown 
are certainly of a very workmanlike order, but 
not of a distinctive type of spaniel, some of them 
having more than a dash of Irish water spaniel 
blood in them ; in fact, it is more than probable 
that one could produce a very useful type of dog 
by crossing an Irish water spaniel with a working 
strain of field spaniel. The typical colour is liver 
and white, but there must be no fore-lock like 
that in the Irish water spaniel. By careful 
selection this fault might easily be out-bred, if 
the cross suggested were employed. The legs 
should be rather long, big in the bone, and the 
feet well feathered ; brown eyes ; fairly long ears, 
clothed with curly hair, the curls to be smaller 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 77 

than those on the body. The chest must be of 
good capacity, and the body a medium length, 
with a coat of a dense curly nature. In the 
review of a water spaniel the picture conveyed 
to the mind of the observer should be that of 
a medium-sized, close-coated, big-boned, well- 
feathered, alert, and intelligent-looking dog, 
capable of undergoing, and willing to undergo, 
any reasonable amount of exertion. 

The Clumber Spaniel. 

This useful variety of dog is said to have origin- 
ated at Clumber Kennels, and in Daniel's Rural 
Sports it is stated that the immediate ancestors 
were given by a French nobleman, the Due de 
Noailles, to a Duke of Newcastle about a couple 
of hundred years ago. The Clumber spaniel has 
alwa3^s been a favourite with sportsmen, more 
especially amongst the aristocracy. Colonel 
Hamilton, in his Recollections, writes : ' A spaniel 
known as the Clumber breed — his Grace the 
Duke of Newcastle always shooting over them in 
his woods — is much sought after by sportsmen.' 
There is also a coloured print by Bartolozzi after 
Wheatley with the Duke of Newcastle represented 
on a bay shooting pony, surrounded by a group of 
Clumbers. One, William Mansell, at that time 
had the care of them for thirty years ; this was 



78 THE DOG 

about the year 1807. The Clumber spaniel has 
an excellent nose, and is equally good on land or 
water. They are powerful swimmers, and useful 
in any kind of shooting, be it on fen, moor, or 
loch. Constitutionally the breed is somewhat 
delicate, and many breeders experience consider- 
able difficulty in rearing their puppies, distemper 
accounting for a large percentage of losses. In 
point of build the Clumber is the most massive 
of the spaniels, and it is his enormous strength 
that enables him to be such an untiring worker. 
The typical colour is lemon and white, or varying 
shades of orange and white, but a judge of Clumber 
spaniels prefers a dog with as few markings as 
possible, and a heavily marked Clumber is looked 
upon with disfavour. Really tip- top specimens are 
difficult to obtain, but any one who wishes to go 
in for Clumber breeding should purchase a bitch- 
pup of a fashionable strain and mate her with the 
best dog he can find. The coat should be dense, 
straight, and silky, with profuse feathering down 
the back of the fore and hind limbs ; body long 
with well-sprung ribs, and deep at the chest. 
The head must be massive in all proportions, but 
not short, as shortness of head is looked upon as 
a defect ; hence the nose must be long, and the 
nostrils broad and flesh-coloured. The occipital 
dome must be fairly well developed, and the 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 79 

Clumber always shows good evidence of ' stop.' 
Eyes, hazel, preferably a dark hazel, the light 
hazel eye being looked upon as non-typical. Ears 
of moderate length, set on low, at the same 
time carried close to head. The fore limbs must 
be massive, any tendency towards lightness in 
this region being decidedly defective ; the same 
remark applies to the hind limbs, and there 
ought to be no feather below the hocks. Feet 
must be large, strong, well-clothed with hair 
between the toes, and carried in a line with the 
body, i.e. turned neither in nor out. Tail never 
carried above the level of the back, even under 
excitement. The Clumber spaniel makes a very 
good companion, owing to its docile disposition ; 
and one of the best companions the writer ever 
had was that famous Clumber spaniel ' Champion 
Psyche.' 

The Field Spaniel. 

The classification adopted by the Kennel Club 
for Field spaniels is : of black ; other than black ; 
(most of these have been derived, directly or in- 
directly, from the Sussex spaniel, as any careful 
observer will be able to note on reference to the 
show bench); field spaniel; and the Sussex 
spaniel. Strictly speaking, the field spaniel 
ought to possess such lines as will enable the dog 
to give the best account of itself whilst at work 



80 THE DOG 

in the field, but this does not apply to the modern 
type of field spaniel, the points of which are given 
as follows : — Colour, either black,. black and white, 
black, white and tan, black and tan, liver, liver 
and white, roan, liver, roan and tan, etc. Coat, 
perfectly flat, of medium length, close, glossy, and 
free from any sign of curl, with a moderate degree 
of feathering upon the backs of the fore and hind 
limbs. Ears, long, heavily feathered; in fact, 
length of leather and feather upon a field spaniel 
is a show- bench point. Eyes, according to colour 
of coat, and the less evidence of the so-called 
'haw' the better. The late Mr. Joseph Royle 
used to show a black field spaniel called ' Zulu,' 
which did an enormous amount of winning, but his 
eyes bore a strong resemblance to those of the 
bloodhound. This was derived from his Sussex 
sire 'Champion Bachelor,' and field spaniel 
breeders are anxious to delete these traces of 
Sussex blood. The body must be long and low ; 
the head long, but not have a heavy facial ex- 
pression; fore and hind hmbs short, big-boned, 
and perfectly straight. Some field spaniels are 
too short in head, others too long and narrow in 
the muzzle, whilst many are defective in coat, too 
short in the body, short in ears, leggy, or weedy in 
other respects. These remarks are, of course, 
solely applicable to the show-bench spaniel. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 81 

The Sussex Spaniel. 

This variety of spaniel, it is said, had its origin 
at Rose Hill in Sussex, and it used to be custom- 
ary five-and-twenty or thirty years ago for con- 
noisseurs to scour the county of Sussex for 
specimens of the breed. Most of the present 
Sussex spaniels have been derived from a cross 
with the black spaniel, this cross being started by 
Jacobs. A Sussex spaniel ought to be of a rich 
golden liver colour, very long in the body, and 
low on the leg ; have long, heavily feathered ears, 
and big-boned fore and hind limbs, the backs of 
the fore-limbs being well feathered to the ground, 
but those of the hind only to the hocks. The 
head is large, and the ' stop ' fairly well defined. 
Stern to be carried horizontally or slightly below 
the level of the back. The Sussex spaniel is 
usually a good-tempered dog, and its constitution 
tolerably good, though weakened by so much 
inter- breeding, which has had to be indulged in 
owing to the limited number of specimens. It is 
not a variety of spaniel the author would recom- 
mend any one to take up either for work or 
profit, the Clumber being vastly superior to it in 
every respect. — Most sportsmen will endorse 
this. 



82 THE DOG 

The Cocker Spaniel. 

This is a delightful type of spaniel, useful for 
both companionship and sport, and it exists in a 
variety of colours, such as black, red, liver, roan, 
etc. The Kennel Club classifies for ' black ' and 
'other than black' Cockers. In all probability 
the Cocker is one of the oldest varieties of spaniel, 
being referred to by Dr. John Caius as far back 
as 1576. To be typical a Cocker spaniel dog 
ought not to exceed five-and-twenty pounds in 
weight, a bitch being a few pounds less. The 
head should be of medium length, but not as 
heavy as in the field spaniel. Any tendency to- 
wards the so-called ' snipy ' muzzle is a defect — a 
very common one. Eyes, dark colour, but in 
accordance with colour of coat, i.e. either black 
or brown. The body should be long, the coat 
flat and abundant, of silky texture. A wavy 
coat is general, but a flat coat is preferred for the 
show-bench. Neck of medium length ; shoulders 
strong ; chest deep ; ribs well-sprung ; back and 
loins strong; flank and the belly full; stern set 
on low; and the fore and hind limbs well 
feathered, ending in medium-sized feet, having 
plenty of feather between the toes. As in most 
other spaniels, the ears should be long, set on 
low down, and have an abundance of fine hair and 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 83 

fringe, the length of which it is easy to measure 
by drawing the free ends towards the nose. The 
general appearance of a Cocker spaniel should be 
that of a merry, active, little dog, without the 
slightest trace of the massiveness of the Clumber, 
or the slowness of the Sussex. Cocker spaniels are 
easily reared, and good specimens are not difficult 
to dispose of ; and any sportsman in search of a 
neat, active spaniel, suitable for indoor residence, 
cannot do better than purchase one of these, 
provided that it comes from a working strain. 

The Welsh Springer Spaniel. 

Within this last few years the Welsh Springer 
has rapidly come to the front, and at the Crystal 
Palace show there is always a good entry of these 
dogs. The typical colour for a Welsh springer is 
red and white, or orange and white, but the first- 
named is regarded as the correct colour. The 
springer is to be distinguished by its size, invari- 
able colour, and shape of ears. The coat must be 
straight and thick, the head long and moderately 
broad, with medium length of jaws and nose, 
the nostrils being flesh-coloured. Compared with 
those of other spaniels the ears are small. Body 
of medium length, and chest deep. The legs 
straight, but not too much feather upon them, 
whilst the stern must never rise above the level 



84 THE DOG 

of the back. With regard to the eyes, there must 
be no 'haw' showing, and the colour should be 
dark brown or else hazel. Welsh springers must 
not be too short on the leg, nor yet what might be 
termed ' leggy,' medium length of leg being the 
correct type. It is an active spaniel, and, if 
properly broken, makes an excellent gun-dog, its 
general build being favourable for sport. 

The English Springer Spaniel. 

Although the term is somewhat vague, the 
Kennel Club have classes for English Springers 
other than Clumber, Sussex, or Field spaniels, and 
these classes have at recent shows been tolerably 
well filled. In reality any cross-bred spaniel can 
go into the English springer class, and this is the 
reason why one finds such an assortment of 
coloured dogs in it, such as liver and white, black 
and white, liver and tan, liver, white, and tan, and 
so on. The head should be like that of the 
Welsh springer, and the eyes of medium size; 
ears not too long. Legs of medium length, with- 
out much feather, and the coat thick and wavy. 
The English springer may be regarded as repre- 
senting the best type of the sportsman's spaniel, 
provided that it is properly handled in its youth, 
and it is from the ranks of English and Welsh 
springers that one may hope to produce dogs that 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 85 

will give the best account of themselves in field 
trials and other work. 

The Collie. 

The collie has always been an extremely popu- 
lar variety in almost all parts of the world, and 
there are very few dog-shows in which the classes 
for collies are not well filled. It is a breed which 
has been in existence for many generations, but it 
is during the last thirty years that it has attained 
its present high standard of excellence. The 
origin of the breed is involved in obscurity, but it 
is generally thought that it has been derived from 
some species of wild dog inhabiting mountainous 
districts. There are rough and smooth-coated 
varieties, also the Old English or bob-tailed sheep- 
dog, but the first-named is that which has always 
been the most popular, as typical smooth-coated 
specimens are more troublesome to breed. The 
collie exists in a variety of colours, and at one 
time black and tan, or black, white, and tan, 
the last named being termed tri-coloured, were 
in great demand, but the sable seems to be the 
most sought after now. The temperament of the 
collie is variable, some being extremely docile, 
others quarrelsome to a degree. Although they 
make excellent companions and are useful as 
house dogs, their restless disposition is, in the 



86 THE DOG 

writer's opinion, rather objectionable. For the 
shepherd a well-broken collie is his right-hand 
companion, and the sheep-dog trials held in 
various parts of the country have done a good 
deal towards improving the working qualities of 
many of these dogs, but the working collie is not, 
as a rule — there are numerous exceptions — cap- 
able of giving much of an account of himself 
upon the show-bench. The constitution of the 
sheep-dog is hardy, and there is not much trouble 
in rearing pups. There are the English and the 
Scottish Collie Clubs, and as the standard of 
points given by these bodies necessarily embraces 
all the principal features of the breed, the writer 
has decided to set out these points here. 

The following is the English Club's standard of 
points : — 

Skull. — Should be flat, moderately wide be- 
tween the ears, gradually tapering to the eyes. 
There ought to be a slight depression at ' stop.' 
The width of the skull necessarily depends upon 
the combined length of the skull and muzzle, and 
the whole must be considered in connection with 
the size of the dog. The cheek should not be full 
or prominent. 

Muzzle. — This ought to be of fair length, 
tapering to the nose, and must not show weak- 
ness, be snipy or lippy. Nose nuist be black. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 87 

Teeth. — Sound, level, and of good size. 

Jaws. — Clean cut and powerful. 

Eyes. — Very important ; to be of medium size ; 
almond-shaped and brown; merles excepted; 
same as Scottish Club in latter. 

Ears. — These should be small, moderately 
wide at the base, and well placed on the head. 
When in repose they ought to be thrown back, 
brought forwards when dog is on the alert and 
carried semi-erect, with the tip slightly drooping 
in an attitude of listening. 

Neck. — Powerful, fair length, arched. 

Body. — To be rather long, well-sprung ribs, 
deep chest, sloping shoulders, slightly arched 
loins. Dog must be straight in front. 

Fore-Limbs. — Straight and muscular, neither 
in nor out at elbows, with a fair amount of bone. 
The fore- arm fleshy, the pasterns showing flexi- 
bility without weakness. 

Hind-Legs. — These ought to be muscular at the 
thighs, clean and sinewy below the hocks, with 
well-bent stifles. 

Feet. — These should be oval in shape, 
toes arched and close together. The hind 
feet less arched, hocks well let down and 
strong. 

Brush. — Tail of moderate length, and carried 
low, with a slight upward ' swirl ' when dog is at 



88 THE DOG 

ease. To be carried gaily under excitement, but 
never over back. 

Coat. — This should be very dense, the outer 
coat harsh to touch, and the under one soft, and 
very close and furry. Mane and frill to be abun- 
dant, and hair on brush very profuse. Face 
smooth, likewise ears at tips, with more hair 
towards their bases. Fore-limbs, slightly feath- 
ered, and the hind-legs above hocks profusely 
so. 

Colour. — Unimportant. 

Size.— Dogs 22 to 24 inches ; bitches, 20 to 22 
inches. 

Weight. — Dogs 45 to 65 lb., bitches, 40 to 
55 1b. 

]^B. — Note the difference of 5 lb. (in both 
sexes) greater in the English standard as com- 
pared with the Scottish. 

Faults. — Domed skull, cow-hocks, under- or 
over-shot mouth, curly or soft coat, tail twisted or 
carried over back, high peaked occipital bone, 
hare feet, snipy muzzle, crooked legs, weak jaws, 
light eyes, prick ears. 

The following is the Scottish Club's standard of 
points : — 

Head. — Moderately long in proportion to the 
dog's size, covered with short soft hair. Skull flat, 
moderately wide between the ears, and gradu- 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 89 

ally to the eyes. There should be a very slight 
elevation of the eyebrows and very Httle stop. 

Muzzle. — To be of fair length, tapering to the 
nose, which, whatever the colour of the dog, 
should be black. The teeth ought not to be over- 
or under-shot. Both are faults, the last-named 
the greater. 

Eyes. — To be of fair size, not prominent, placed 
rather close together and lying obliquely. It is 
this that gives the fox-like expression. As to 
colour, the eyes ought to be brown, darker the 
better. Yellow eyes are a bad fault. Merled 
dogs to have the so-called 'wall' or 'china 'eye 
or eyes. 

Eaes. — Small, close together at top of head. 
At rest to be buried in the frill, other times semi- 
erect. 

Neck. — Long, arched, strong. 

Body. — Rather long than short, ribs well 
rounded, chest deep and narrow in front, but of 
fair breadth behind the shoulders. Loin, rather 
long, slightly arched and powerful. 

Legs. — Fore-legs straight and muscular, with a 
fair amount of flat bone; fore-arm moderately 
fleshy, hind-legs less so, very sinewy and hocks 
well bent. Pasterns light and long, feet oval, toes 
well arched and close. 

Tail. — Moderately long, carried low when dog 



90 THE DOG 

is quiet, gaily when excited, and straight out when 
running. 

Coat. — This is most important. The coat, ex- 
cept on the head and legs, should be abundant, the 
outer coat harsh to the touch, the inner coat soft 
and furry, very close — so close that when the hair 
is parted it is difficult to see the skin. The hair 
around the neck and chest to be very abundant, 
constituting the ' frill.' The mark is smooth, the 
fore-legs slightly feathered and the hind-legs 
below the hocks smooth. Hair on the tail very 
profuse, and on the hips long and bushy. 

Colour. — Unimportant. Sable and white dogs 
are very fashionable. 

Size. — Dogs, 21 to 14 inches at shoulder, and 
bitches a couple of inches less. 

Weight. — Dogs, 45 to 60 lbs.; bitches, 40 to 
50 lbs. 

General Appearance. — A lithe, active dog, 
with no useless material about him, his deep chest 
showing strength, his sloping shoulders and well- 
bent hocks and his ' bawsint ' face, high intelli- 
gence. The face ought to bear a sharp, doubtful 
expression. As a whole, he should present an 
elegant and pleasing outline, quite distinct from 
any other of our domesticated families, and show 
great strength, activity, and endurance. 

Faults. — Domed skull, heavy pendulous ears, 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 91 

heavily feathered legs, short tail, full soft eyes, 
high peaked skull 







Scale, of 


Points. 








Value 




Value 


Head, 


. 


. 15 


Legs and Feet, 


. 15 


Eyes, 




5 


Tail, 


5 


Ears, 




. 10 


Coat, 


. 20 


Neck and Shouldern, 


. 10 


Size and General 


Feat- 


Body, 




. 10 

50 


ures, . 


. 10 
50 




Grand Total, 


. 


. 100 



The Smooth-Coated Collie. 

In most respects the points of the smooth- 
coated collie are practically identical with those 
already given ; the coat must be fine, but very 
dense, especially the undercoat ; and there must 
be a very small amount of feather on the tail 
and hind- quarters. What is termed a 'blue 
merle,' that is, a harlequin collie, is most 
frequently met with in the smooth coats, and 
the eyes must correspond, i.e. the dog must 
have the so-called 'china' or wall eye, which 
implies that the iris is destitute of pigment 
either in one or both eyes. 

The Old English or Bob-Tailed Sheep Dog. 

These are extremely handsome dogs, and make 



92 THE DOG 

first-class companions, whilst for tlie sliepherd 
they are even superior to the ordinary collie. 
They are of an extremely hardy nature, and 
superabundance of hair upon the body renders 
them particularly suitable for resisting cold and 
wet. The term ' Smithfield ' or ' Drover's dog ' is 
sometimes applied to them. Any one in search 
of a really first-class companion ought to buy 
one of these dogs, the prices of which range 
from thirty shillings up to five-and-twenty and 
thirty pounds, but an excellent puppy can be 
purchased for about three guineas. It is a re- 
markable fact that an English sheep-dog with 
a long tail, occasionally makes its appearance in 
a litter of bob-tails. The colour most sought 
after is some shade of blue or gray, with white 
markings, but there must not be any trace of 
yellow or brown amongst the blue hairs. In 
many specimens the white predominates, but 
gray, grizzle, blue, or blue merle, with or without 
white markings, are typical colours. Judges pay 
a great deal of attention to the coat ; in fact, if 
a bob-tail is not good in this respect, he will 
never be any use for show purposes. The coat 
must be abundant, hard in texture, and shaggy, 
but any tendency towards a curly coat is dis- 
tinctly objectionable. The undercoat must be 
very dense and waterproof. The typical height 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 93 

(shoulder measurement) is about 22 inches, 
though bitches usually measure about 20 inches. 
The head ought to be squarish, the skull being 
broad, and domed, so that there is a distinct 
evidence of stop. The hair on the forehead 
should be long and shaggy; in fact, the eyes 
are largely obscured by this. Nose of medium 
length, with long hair from either side, ending 
in broad nostrils, black in colour. The eyes 
differ in their colour, in accordance with the 
shade of the dog, but in the blue merle, the 
china eye is the correct one. Ears must be 
small and carried close to the side of the head; 
neck short and stout, ending below in broad 
withers; strong shoulders, arms, and forearms, 
all of which should be covered with a super- 
abundance of shaggy hair. These dogs stand 
lower at the shoulders than behind, which is a 
characteristic of the breed. Feet small and 
round, and the pads hard. The body must be 
compact, and is short in proportion to the size 
of the dog. The front ribs are deep, which 
gives the chest great capacity. The loins must 
be arched, well-rounded towards the stern, and 
from the quarters down the thighs there must 
be an abundance of shaggy hair, thick and soft be- 
neath. Taken all round, the old English sheep-dog 
has a very bear-like appearance. His movements 



94 THE DOG 

are extremely active, and he has an intelligence 
surpassed by no other breed. 

The Dalmatian or Carriage Dog. 

At one time no equipage was considered 
complete without one of these dogs, but they 
are not now as fashionable as they used to be. 
The Dalmatian and the horse have been depicted 
by numerous artists, both in and out of the 
stable, and when one sees this animal fulfilling 
some other duty, say acting as a yard dog, he 
feels that the Dalmatian is no longer required, 
its natural avocation having become an affair of 
the past. 

At a recent Kennel Club Show there were only 
three entries in the open dog class and four 
entries in the open bitch class, thus showing the 
comparative scarcity of the breed, although there 
is a club specially devoted to it, and the Ladies' 
Branch of the Kennel Club and the Ladies' 
Kennel Association offer special prizes. There 
is a possibility of its revival, but this is some- 
what remote. The Dalmatian is built upon fox- 
hound lines, being a smooth-coated, short-haired, 
big -boned, clean -jointed, deep -chested, clean- 
limbed dog, especially adapted for running. The 
body is entirely white, with evenly distributed 
spots, which are black, or sometimes chocolate. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 95 

The even distribution of spots and tlieir uni- 
formity of size are most important points, and, 
if a dog is badly marked, it is severely handi- 
capped in the show-ring. Many Dalmatians are 
defective in this respect, some being too heavily 
marked, others too lightly marked. Confluence 
of markings constitutes a serious fault, but a very 
difficult one to contend with in breeding. The 
spots on the head, face, ears, and tail are usually 
smaller than those upon other parts of the body. 
The coat must be short and thick; tail well 
spotted, and carried straight down at repose, but 
straight out during exercise, the hound- carriage 
of tail being very faulty. The average weight is 
about 50 lbs. Back and loins to be strong ; first 
and second thighs well clothed with muscle, of 
good shape, and the hocks turned neither in- 
wards nor outwards, but directly in a line with 
the body. A Dalmatian must have good fore- 
limbs, but bitches are lighter in the limbs than 
dogs, and usually weigh a few pounds less. Any 
tendency towards being undersized is fatal in the 
show-ring, or for the purposes for which the 
breed has been designed. The forearms are of 
medium length ; the feet cat-like and strong, but, 
above all, the pads of the feet must be hard, the 
degree of hardness being fostered by the amount 
of running the dog has to do. The eyes should 



96 THE DOG 

be of medium size, and have a black or brown rim 
round them to correspond with the colour of the 
spots. A remarkable feature in connection with 
the puppies is that they have no spots on them 
at the time of birth, and that it is two or three 
weeks before the spots make their appearance. 
Pigmentation begins upon those parts where the 
skin is thinnest, and it is about the middle of 
the second year before the process of spotting 
has attained its full degree of development. 

The Whippet or Race Dog. 

These dogs are built upon the lines of the 
greyhound, and in all points bear a strong re- 
semblance to that breed. They have been pro- 
duced, it is said, by crossing a greyhound with 
a terrier. The chief patrons of these dogs are 
colliers, etc. The first use of the whippet is for 
rabbit-coursing, and for racing purposes. Most 
of the races are of about two hundred yards, 
and the principal are run under the National 
Whippet Kacing Club rules. The chief points 
of the whippet are as follows ; — Colour unimpor- 
tant, black, red, brindles, fawn, and blue being 
common. Head long, the jaws powerful, and 
the teeth sound and level. The coat fine, the 
ears small, the so-called 'rose' ears being pre- 
ferred. Shoulders muscular, but not overloaded. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 97 

The breast must not be wide, but a most im- 
portant point is 'heart' room, which imphes 
great depth of chest. Another important point 
is in connection with the loins, which must be 
broad, and clothed with well-developed muscles. 
The forearms and pasterns are long, with a 
corresponding length of arm, and the limbs are 
placed well forward in relation to the body. 
The hind-limbs must be long in the first and 
second thighs, with a good sweep in a backward 
direction, so as to bring the hocks and pasterns 
well behind the stifles, this giving the dog the 
advantages of a long stride. A tapering tail, a 
fine close coat, round feet, a good temper, and 
a weight ranging between 16 and 24 lbs. when 
the dog is in good hard condition, are the re- 
maining qualifications. For whippets it is 
advisable to have woollen clothing in winter, 
and linen in summer. 

The Poodle. 

The poodle has always been a fashionable 
variety of dog, and still maintains his premier 
position. Only those who have considerable 
means are able to keep these animals clipped in 
the height of fashion, and in its untrimmed state 
the poodle can hardly be considered a handsome 
dog, but it is endowed with a large amount of 



98 THE DOG 

intelligence, and it is on this account that the 
showman often makes use of it. The poodle varies 
considerably in its size, the smaller varieties being 
spoken of as ' toys ' ; these weigh from 6 to 10 lbs., 
but the largest class sometimes weigh from 50 to 
60 lbs. In addition, there are others averaging 
about 40 lbs., and a fourth class of 20 lbs. ; but the 
' heavy ' weights of the breed are, in the writer's 
opinion, the handsomest, an opinion endorsed by 
the majority of ladies. The Kennel Club's classi- 
fication is as follows: — Corded; non - corded ; 
black and white non-corded; blue and brown 
non-corded; non-corded any colour but black 
and white; non-corded under 15 inches; any 
colour but black and white non-corded under 
15 inches, and corded or non-corded under 15 
inches ; so that this body ignores weight so far as 
classification is concerned. The principal colours 
are black, chocolate, red, blue, fawn, silver grey, 
and white. The blacks are the commonest, 
but colour does not carry a great deal of weight, 
provided that the dog is up to show-standard. 
The temperament of the poodle varies consider- 
ably, and many known to the writer have been 
vicious towards strangers, but he has no desire to 
slander the animal's temperament. If the coat is 
corded, the cords must be very abundant, closely 
set, and tight; if curly, it is indispensable that 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 99 

the curls should be tight and close, in fact the 
closer the better. The general build of a poodle 
is that of a powerfully built animal in proportion 
to its size; that these dogs are strong may be 
proved by watching them in combat. The head 
should be long, and the face straight ; eyes dark 
brown, but, if the dog is chocolate -coloured, 
amber. Ears to be of good length, and carried 
close to the side of the head. The general con- 
formation of the body must be that of a well- 
muscled, compact, clean-knit dog, proportionate 
in all its parts. The breast to be of medium 
width, but deep ; neck fairly long, but thick, with 
a good lofty carriage. Back of the loins broad. 
The nostrils in a white dog may be either black 
or liver-coloured, but in a black dog they must be 
black. Fore and hind limbs to be of medium 
length, with plenty of bone and substance, ending 
below in small, thick feet. The claws should be 
black, or dark, if the dog is chocolate or some 
colour other than black. The poodle makes an 
excellent companion and house-dog, but the un- 
certain nature of its temperament does not render 
it suitable for the companionship of children. It 
is a hardy variety of dog, but to keep it smart 
requires a good deal of attention, and some ex- 
perience is necessary in order to clip it properly. 
The fashion of clipping changes. 



100 THE DOG 

The Dachshund. 

The dachshund in his native land is in reality 
a terrier, being used in Germany much as a terrier 
is used here. The transition from the terrier type 
of dog to one having certain hound characteristics 
has been brought about by breeders in this 
country, but the wisdom of this is open to doubt, 
because the dog is useful only as a companion, 
and lady exhibitors have always been the most 
numerous supporters of the breed. In appearance 
the dachshund closely resembles the beagle and 
Bassett hound, the most striking difference being 
in colour, most dachshunds being red, black and 
tan, chocolate and tan, fawn, or dappled, the last- 
named, spoken of as ' tiger dachs,' being somewhat 
scarcer than the others. The Kennel Club have 
a class allotted for dogs and bitches under 18 lbs. 
in weight, but these can hardly be regarded as a 
toy variety. The classes at the Kennel Club 
Show are always wonderfully well -filled. The 
body should be long and low — in fact, a dachshund 
can hardly be too long ; the coat smooth, and 
perfectly flat, but there are three grades of coat — 
the smooth, the rough, and the wire-haired. If a 
smooth-coated dog, the hair must be fine, close, 
and short. The long-haired variety occasionally 
appears in a litter bred from the smooth. The 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 101 

head should be wedge-shaped, and the ears thin, 
long, set on high up, and covered with short hair. 
The nose is long, and the nostrils either black or 
flesh-coloured. The colour of the eyes in a dark- 
coloured dog are black, but in the red specimens 
the iris is brown. One of the most striking 
characteristics of the dachshund is in connection 
with the chest and fore limbs; the chest is 
remarkably deep, and the sternum or breast is 
so prominent that, when the dog is sitting on its 
haunches, the breast almost fills up the entire space 
between the fore limbs, and, even when the dog- 
is at exercise, the sternum almost touches the 
ground. The fore-arms bend inwards, until the 
knees or pasterns are reached — in fact, touch each 
other at this point, and then bend directly out- 
wards. This certainly constitutes a deformity, 
but the better the ' crook ' the more typical the 
specimen. The toes must be long and flat, and 
the claws long, and in a black dog black, and in a 
brown or chocolate dog brown or dark-coloured, a 
white claw being distinctly defective. Another 
striking feature of these hounds is the looseness 
of the skin ; no matter what part of the body you 
grip, you will find that the skin can be taken up 
in folds, and, unless there is a superabundance of 
loose skin, the dog will be of no use for the show- 
bench. 



102 THE DOG 

The hind limbs are longer than the fore limbs. 
Dew claws are frequently present, and it is advis- 
able to remove these as soon after birth as possible, 
because they only become an annoyance to the 
dog. The tail to be carried similar to that of the 
fox hound, but never over the back. It has been 
said that the dachshund is of rather a quarrelsome 
disposition, but the writer's experience of the 
breed is that they are exceedingly docile dogs, 
good-tempered, and certainly not given to quarrel- 
ling, unless provoked. In Germany they are used 
a good deal for hunting the fox in his burrows, 
and in America they are frequently employed as 
a pack for hunting rabbits, but they are not in 
this respect equal to the beagle. 

The Chow-Chow. 

This is a very popular variety of the dog, the 
chief patrons of the breed being ladies, but why 
the fair sex should be so fond of these dogs the 
writer is at a loss to understand, there being 
many British breeds much handsomer than, and 
quite as companionable and good-tempered as, 
the chow - chow, which is a native of China. 
Ladies seem to be, however, particularly fond of 
importations, and usually give a hearty welcome 
to ' alien ' doggies, in spite of the fact that many 
recent importations are of more than questionable 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 103 

descent, though all are eligible^ for competition 
under the vague classification of 'foreign' dogs. 
Chow-chows vary considerably in their colour, 
the most general colour being foxy-red, but black, 
yellow, white, etc., are not uncommon, and the 
Chow-Chow Club are favourable to any of these 
colours. The most important faults of the breed 
are a red tongue, a red nose, except in the 
light-coloured varieties, drop ears, and defective 
carriage of tail, that is, a tail that does not curl 
over the back, as it should in the chow-chow. 
Not only must the tongue be black, but the 
whole interior of the mouth. The coat must be 
abundant, coarse in texture, soft, and very woolly 
beneath ; in fact, a dense undercoat is an important 
point, and, in brushing this variety of dog, the 
coat must be groomed in the direction of the 
head, so as to give a good stand-off appearance. 
The weight averages from 40 to 50 lbs., and the 
general conformation of the dog is good. The 
facial expression is keen, and Hke that of the 
Esquimaux dog ; the skull is fiat and broad, and 
muzzle, of medium length, has a blunt appearance. 
The ears should be set on well forwards, and 
carried erect. Back and loins strong, but not 
long, because these dogs are rather cobbily built ; 
fore and hind limbs strong, straight, big-boned, 
ending below in round, catlike feet, with strong 



104 THE DOG 

claws, well padded with hair between the toes. 
It must be mentioned that there is also a smooth 
variety of chows, but at a recent Kennel Club 
Show there were only three entries in this class, 
whereas there were thirty entries in the other 
classes. 

The Bull Terrier. 

This is a most useful variety of dog, and one 
that has always held its own in public estimation, 
for it is a difficult matter to find a better all- 
round breed of terrier than the Bull. It makes 
a fairly good ' pal ' ; is hardy, usually of sound 
constitution, and clever at the destruction of 
smaller vermin; and as a guard for person or 
property has few equals, certainly no superior. 
There is a toy variety, the points of which are 
practically identical with those of the larger. The 
term ' Staffordshire bull terrier ' is frequently 
used by 'doggy' men, owing, it is believed, to 
the notion that the bull terrier first of all sprang 
into existence in that district, as the result of 
crossing the bull-dog with a white English 
terrier. The old type of bull terrier had some 
sort of markings upon him, such as red, brindle, 
and so forth; in fact, in the advertisement 
columns of any of the ' doggy ' papers there will 
usually be found for sale bull terriers with 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 105 

markings upon them. By careful selection the 
bull-dog element, such as the 'broken-up' face, 
markings, ' crank,' tail, etc., has been bred out, 
and the orthodox bull terrier is pure white, but 
markings on the toy variety which should be 
about 6 lbs. in weight, cannot be regarded as 
detrimental. The general appearance of a bull 
terrier should be that of a smart, active, heavy- 
built, clean-limbed, deep-chested, powerfulty-loined, 
strong- quartered, heavy -shouldered, intelligent- 
looking dog, absolutely free from throatiness, i.e. 
free from loose skin about the jowl, throat, or 
dewlap. The skull must be broad, the muzzle 
thick, the nostrils black, the teeth sound and 
level, and the jaws indicative of great power, 
so that the masseter muscles must be well 
developed. The eyes are rather small, and have 
a knowing twinkle in them ; this is very charac- 
teristic of the bull terrier. A ' whip ' tail, carried 
straight out, gracefully -sloping quarters, and 
powerful first and second thighs, are additional 
points of beauty. The ears ought to be small, 
and carried erect or semi-erect, the opening being 
directed forwards. A typical bull terrier should 
impress one as being, physically, a inultuin in 
parvo. These terriers are easily reared, and 
the prices for good specimens very reasonable. 
Cropping is no longer allowed in this country, 

G 



106 THE DOG 

but it is still practised in some others. In 
America there is the so-called 'Boston' terrier, 
which is practically identical with the bull 
terrier. 



The Manchester or Black-and-Tan Terrier. 

As the name implies, this variety of terrier 
originated in and around Manchester, and the 
chief patrons of the breed have been the working 
classes in Cottonopolis and other Lancashire towns. 
They are smart, active-looking terriers, with 
raven-black coats, mahogany- tan points, and black 
pencilling over the last-named in certain parts. 
Particular attention is paid to the correct mark- 
ing, as so many black - and - tan terriers are 
defective in this respect. The coat ought to be 
smooth, short, moderately fine in texture, yet 
sufficiently dense to afford a good protection to 
the skin beneath. The head should be long, and 
finely chiselled; the ears and the eyes small; 
and the correct carriage of ear is close to the 
side of the head. Black-and-tan terriers, like 
White English terriers, often show too much of 
the bull-terrier element about the head, and a 
connoisseur would not look at a dog with this 
defect. The correct weight is from 16 to 18 lbs., 
certainly not above 20 lbs. ; for the ' toy ' variety 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 107 

the average is from Sh to 6 or 7 lbs. All limbs 
must be perfectly straight, of medium length, 
and the elbows placed close to the side of the 
chest. A ' whip ' tail carried straight out, strong 
loins, neatly- turned quarters, and a graceful con- 
formation of first and second thighs are necessary 
in a typical specimen. As previously stated, the 
tan markings are most important. They are 
distributed as follows : — 

On the front of each knee there should be a 
round black mark; these are known as the 
' thumb spots.' 

On each cheek there should be a tan spot, 
termed the ' pea ' marks. 

On the lower part of the upper jaw there 
should be tan marking, and this ought to extend 
almost to the level of the eye. The lower jaw 
also should be tan- marked up to the throat. 

On the inside of the ears there should be 
tan markings, also on the inside of the hind feet ; 
the marking here sometimes extending up to the 
hocks, hut on no account must the marking on 
the outside of the limb extend above the hock. 
If it does so, the dog is said to be ' breeched,' 
and that is one of the most serious faults a black- 
and-tan terrier can have. Both fore-feet must 
be tan- marked about half-way up, with pencil 
or black markings running up each toe. The 



108 THE DOG 

tan marking beneath the tail should not be dis- 
cernible when the tail is at repose. 

These terriers are hardy, make good com- 
panions, and many of them are very clever at 
killing rats, etc. 

The Fox Terrier. 

Of all the varieties of terriers none has ever 
been held in greater esteem than the Fox terrier, 
which is spoken of as being ' smooth- haired ' and 
' wire-haired,' the latter having within the last few 
years somewhat displaced the former. The even 
temperament, medium size, and working qualities 
have rendered the fox terrier a companion alike 
for rich and poor. The correct colour for a fox 
terrier is white, with or without markings, black- 
and-tan markings being very common upon the 
head and ears, with or without one or more patches 
upon the body. The head must be long, and 
the skull flat, so that when viewed in profile 
there should be little or no evidence of stop. 
Any tendency towards shortness of head is dis- 
tinctly defective, and judges are very particular 
about quality in this region. Idstone said that 
a fox terrier should be able to lick the bottom 
of a pint mug, which necessarily implies the 
possession of a long head. Eyes small, beaming 
with intelligence, dark in colour, and expressive 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 109 

of keenness in every sense of the word. The 
correct type of ear is the so-called Y-shaped one, 
carried forwards so as to show the face of the Y. 
There must not be much falling away below 
the *eyes, and the outlines of the jaws should 
be clean, i.e. free from any underline of cheek, 
etc. The nostrils must be black ; the teeth sound 
and level, and, if a wire-haired terrier, there 
should be a moustache on either side of stiff 
wire hair. The hair upon the ears must be short, 
and fine in texture. Neck of medium length, 
obliquely carried, passing into gracefully-sloping, 
fine shoulders. Judges are very keen on quality 
in the regions of the shoulders, as many fox 
terriers become much too coarse. The fore limbs 
of medium length, straight as arrows, ending 
below in round compact feet. Passing on to the 
chest and withers, the former must be deep, and 
the withers gracefully sloping on to the short 
back and strong loins. The tail must be ' docked,' 
and carried gaily. The hind- quarters must show 
as much quality as the fore, and every one pur- 
chasing a terrier should not only view it from 
the front and side, but also obliquely, and directly 
from behind. In this way one can ascertain 
whether a dog is well- coupled fore and aft, and 
judge as to the conformation of the fore and 
hind limbs. The first and second thighs ought 



110 THE DOG 

to be well clothed with muscle, the hocks of 
neat shape, and the pasterns and toes well 
formed. In the smooth variety the coat must 
be close, of medium texture, dense, and the belly 
and underside of the thighs must be clothed 
with hair. In a wire-haired fox terrier, the hair 
must be of a bristly nature ; in fact, it cannot 
be too hard, but it must be smooth and dense. 
A thin, open, or soft coat is about the worst fault 
one of these terriers can possess. A cherry nose, 
tulip or rose ears, and a mouth under- or over-shot, 
are disqualifying features. The general build of 
a fox terrier must correspond with that of a well- 
made cob, which implies good conformation from 
nose to feet. 

Scottish and West Highland White Terriers. 

Scottish Terriers are sometimes spoken of 
under the appropriate title of 'die-hards,' also 
as Cairn Terriers, owing to the nature of the 
work to Avhich they have been trained. In Skye 
they are often spoken of as ' otter ' dogs ; the 
term 'Aberdeen' is in general use, and it is 
synonymous with ' Scottish,' but the popular idea 
is that the two terriers are distinct. The White 
West Highland terrier, sometimes spoken of 
as a ' Poltalloch ' or ' Roseneath ' terrier, is in 
reality a variety of the Scottish, but, now that a 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 111 

distinct club has been formed, the White West 
Highland terrier, or more correctly the West 
White Highland terrier, is sure to become a 
popular variety of dog. Both the Scottish and 
the West Highland are well worthy of the praise 
that has been bestowed upon them, more especially 
by their Scottish admirers. Both exhibit a re- 
markable degree of intelligence, when properly 
trained; are extremely hardy; game to death, 
fighting with all the dash and courage charac- 
teristic of the true Highlander; and well merit 
the name ' die-hard.' Any one in search of a first- 
class companion, either for town or country, 
cannot do better than purchase a specimen of 
the Scottish or White West Highland terrier. 
The typical colour for a Scottish terrier is brindle 
or black, but sandy and fawn specimens are 
common, but not so much thought of as the 
former. The presence of white hair is detrimental 
to either. The general conformation must be 
that of a long-bodied, short, hard-haired, erect- 
eared, sturdily -built terrier, weighing from 16 
to 20 lbs., but many show specimens are heavier. 
The harder the coat is, the better, and it must 
also be close and dense. The ears large, erect, 
and pointed; skull broad; muzzle broad and 
strong ; in short, the Scottish terrier has a heavy 
facial expression, with keen, dark-looking eyes. 



112 THE DOG 

The general points of the White West Highland 
terrier are similar to those of the Scottish. 

The English White Terrier. 

In general appearance and build the English 
white terrier is closely allied to the Manchester 
or black-and-tan terrier, though it is not as 
popular as the variety last-named. Both breeds 
have, within these last few years, gradually 
declined in popularity, the older fanciers having 
fallen out of the ranks, in the belief that these 
terriers have lost their ' smart ' appearance since 
the Kennel Club put their veto upon the practice 
of cropping. Another reason why the white 
English terrier is not popular is the difficulty 
so often experienced in breeding true to type. 
In weight a white English terrier should be about 
15 or 16 lbs., this being the most useful size, but 
there is also the 'toy' variety, weighing 6 or 7 
lbs., the last-named being useful only as lap- 
dogs. They are very smart-looking dogs, and 
the body and limbs must be spotlessly white, 
any kind of marking being exceeding detri- 
mental. The head should be long, ears small 
and carried close to the side of the cheek, eyes 
of the medium size, dark, and full of intelligent 
expression. The nose black, the chest deep, the 
fore -limbs perfectly straight, the hind -quarters 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 113 

of a graceful slope, and the stifles neatly turned. 
The tail must be of the so-called ' whip-like ' 
character, carried straight out; in fact, judges are 
very keen upon quality in the hind- quarters, any 
tendency towards the bull terrier element being 
decidedly faulty. For companionship the writer 
cannot recommend these dogs, owing to a com- 
bination of reasons, into which it is not necessary 
to enter. 

Airedale and Welsh Terriers. 

THE AIREDALE TERRIER. 

This is a capital variety of terrier, and appears 
to have had its origin round about Bingley, 
Saltaire, and the surrounding localities in York- 
shire. Previous to the adoption of their present 
title they were known as 'waterside terriers,' 
chiefly because they were used for such purposes 
as ratting on the river-banks, etc. It is a broken- 
haired variety of terrier, of a very hardy nature, 
and one that makes an excellent companion, 
and, if properly trained, a serviceable gun-dog or 
watch-dog. The correct colour for an Airedale is 
grizzle and tan, and the average weight ranges 
from 35 to 40 lbs., but an Airedale must be neither 
under- nor over-sized. The chief points are a hard 
and grizzled coat, a long flat skull without any 
evidence of stop, small V-shaped ears, sound teeth, 



114 THE DOG 

straight big- boned fore and hind limbs, and a 
black nose, a flesh-coloured one being a disquali- 
fying feature. The tail should be docked as soon 
as the puppy is a few days old. 

THE WELSH TERRIER. 

As the name implies, this variety of terrier is 
regarded as being indigenous to Wales. It is in 
general conformation very like, and is said by 
Welshmen and other supporters of the breed 
to be quite as good a worker as, the fox terrier. 
The correct colour for a Welsh terrier is grizzle 
and tan. Like the Airedale terrier, the puppies 
should be docked when a few days old. The 
skull ought to be flat, with little evidence of 
stop between it and the nose, the nostrils of 
which should be black. Ears small, V-shaped, 
and carried close to the side of the head. Neck 
of medium length, ending in fine shoulders, deep 
chest, straight fore-arms, short pasterns, and 
close feet ; carriage of the stern like that of the 
fox terrier. The coat should be hard in texture, 
close, of medium length and blue colour, with 
tan points on the face and limbs. Welsh terriers 
are not difficult to rear, but the variety is not 
in particular demand, although there is usually 
a fair number of entries at the Kennel Club 
Shows, and at the principal Welsh Shows. The 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 115 

temperament of these terriers is usually excellent, 
and they make capital companions, house dogs, etc. 

Dandie Dinmonts and Bedlington Terriers. 

THE DANDIE DINMONT. 

This is a capital little terrier much the same 
size as the Skye terrier, similar in height and 
length of body, but stouter in build. There are 
two varieties, one known as the ' pepper,' the 
other as the ' mustard,' in accordance with the 
shade of hair. The Dandie is particularly suit- 
able for what may be described as 'working in 
tight corners,' his short legs and long body 
enabling him to hunt where another dog, such 
as a fox terrier, would be unable to go. The 
Kennel Club's classification is for dogs any 
colour, pepper dogs, and mustard dogs, and 
these classes are usually very well filled. The 
coat of a Dandie should be about two inches long, 
and of medium texture, the hard and soft hair 
blending. The coat is known as pily or pencilled. 
The hair extending from the head to the set on of 
the stern ought to be a mixture of hard and soft, 
and in colour that on the under part of the body 
is lighter and softer than that on the back. In 
a pepper-coloured dandie the hair is either dark, 
bluish-black, or a hght silvery grey ; the mustards 
vary from a reddish brown to a pale fawn, but 



116 THE DOG 

the hair on the head is of a cream colour, whilst 
that on the legs and feet is darker. The eyes 
should be full and round, deep hazel in colour ; 
the ears large, carried close to the side of the 
head, and have a thin tip of feathering around 
the margin. The hair upon the ears should be 
soft and brownish. The length of the ears is 
about four inches ; head large, skull well-domed, 
and broad between the ears. From the muzzle 
the hair should be darker; strong sound teeth 
and powerful jaws are a sine qua non. Neck 
strong, back of the loins strong; the fore-limbs 
straight, very muscular, covered by tan hair in 
a blue dog, but in a mustard specimen darker in 
shade. All Dandies are a trifle higher behind 
than in front. Height from 9 to 11 inches, and 
weight 14 to 24 lbs., but breeders prefer dogs 
weighing about 18 lbs. The Dandie Dinmont is 
extremely hardy, and makes an excellent com- 
panion. 

The Bedlington Terrier. 
This variety of dog is said to have originated 
at Bedlington in Northumberland, having been 
bred there for the purpose of waterside work, etc. 
Pedigrees of these dogs can be traced back as 
far as 1792, but Thomas Ainsley, in 1825, seems 
to have had considerable influence in moulding 
the type. Bedlingtons are exceedingly game 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 117 

terriers weighing about 24 lbs., with a hard 
coat that does not lie flat to the sides, and 
either sandj, sandy and tan, dark blue, blue 
and tan, liver or liver and tan in colour. The 
head is very distinctive. The outline of the dog 
reminds the writer somewhat of the Irish water 
spaniel, but some persons may not be able to 
see the likeness. The head, which is distinc- 
tive, is narrow, and the skull domed, with a 
well-marked tuft or top-knot. The ears are 
large, thin, covered with silky hair, and of the 
so-called filbert shape. Neck long, and deep as 
it approaches the shoulders ; fore and hind limbs 
straight ; back and the loins rather long, with a 
straight tail, about 9 inches in length, feathered 
along its lower border, and coming to a fine 
point. The general build may be described as 
' lathy,' nevertheless the dog is one that can hold 
its own in a 'turn-up' with any other dog of 
its own weight; in fact, the Bedlington is the 
gamest of the game. In order to keep the dog 
in good condition, great attention must be paid 
to the coat, etc. 

Irish Terriers. 

Irish terriers, more popularly known under the 
title of 'dare-devils,' are an exceedingly popular 
variety of terrier, and the breed being particularly 



118 THE DOG 

suited for residence abroad, large numbers are 
constantly being exported from this country to 
Africa, India, etc., where high prices are frequently 
paid by fanciers for typical specimens. The colour 
of the Irish terrier is red, and its general build 
similar to that of the fox terrier, but a little 
larger. The coat, an important feature, must be 
perfectly flat, and as hard as pin wire. A coat 
that is inclined to be loose, curly, or shaggy is a 
faulty one. The average weight may be taken as 
ranging between 16 and 25 lbs., but a nice size is 
22 lbs. As previously stated, red is the principal 
colour, but wheaten yellow and grey colours are 
frequently met with. The skull should be long 
and flat, narrow between the ears, without any 
sign of stop. Below the eyes there should be a 
slight falling away, whilst the jaws should be 
strong, and bear sound level teeth. The hair on 
the head must be short and straight, excepting 
the beard upon the muzzle, which gives the Irish 
terrier a very characteristic appearance. There 
should be no loose skin about the jaws, throat, 
etc., and the body must be compact throughout, 
the chest deep, the back and loins strong, and 
the tail of a gay carriage. The presence of white 
hair on the feet, a 'Dudley' nose, i.e. a flesh- 
coloured nose, an under- or over-shot mouth, and 
a brindle colour, are disqualifying features. 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 119 

Skye Terriers and Clydesdale Terriers. 

Both the Skye and the Clydesdale are exceed- 
ingly useful varieties of terriers, but the former is 
held in much greater esteem than the latter ; in 
fact, the number of Clydesdale terrier breeders is 
comparatively small. There is no particular reason 
for the preference of the one over the other, for 
the difference between the two variations is not 
great. The Skye terriers are divided into ' drop- 
ears ' and ' prick-ears ' ; in the former the ears lie 
close to the cheeks, whereas in the latter the ears 
are erect, with a slight fringe hanging over at the 
top of them. Both the Skye and the Clydesdale 
terrier are long-coated, long-bodied, short-legged 
varieties of dog, originally bred for the purpose 
of destroying vermin, etc., but the long coats now 
seen in typical specimens hinder work, and it is 
preferable to have a medium length of coat. The 
Skye terrier, as the name implies, is thought to 
have originated in the island of that name, and 
the Clydesdale in the Vale of Clyde. The latter 
is to the Skye terrier what the West White 
Highland terrier is to the Scottish. The typical 
colour for a Skye is steel blue, but other shades 
are fawn, and black and slate. If steel-blue, the 
coat should be tipped with black ; if fawn, with 
black or dark brown. The weight varies from 



120 THE DOG 

about 16 to 20 lbs., and the height is about 10 
inches at the shoulder, with a length of body- 
nearly 40 inches. The outer coat ought to be 
composed of hard, long hair, with a woolly under- 
coat ; the coat must be perfectly straight, and it 
is usual to have it parted down the centre from 
head to tail. The hair on the head overhangs 
the eyes, partly concealing them. The undercoat 
is thick on the body, but absent on the head and 
legs. The tail should be carried low with a drop- 
ear dog, but on a level with the back in the 
prick-ear variety. Eyes dark brown or hazel, 
medium-sized. To keep a Skye terrier in good 
condition, the coat requires a good deal of groom- 
ing, hence it is necessary to make free use of the 
comb every day. The coat of the Clydesdale 
terrier is softer than that of the Skye, its texture 
being of a silky nature. The back is often blue, 
with a silver shade on the legs, but the commonest 
colours are the different shades of fawn. The 
coat must never be curly; ears must be small, 
erect, placed high on the top of the skull, and 
have a fringe of hair upon their tops and sides, 
blending with the whiskers and moustache. The 
Kennel Club attach so little importance to Clydes- 
dale terriers that there is no class for them at the 
shows. 

Both varieties of terriers make excellent com- 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 121 

panions, they are hardy, but of variable tempera- 
ment, and the writer considers them not as useful, 
so far as companionship, etc., goes, as the Dandie 
Dinmont. 

Bull-Dogs and Toy Bull-Dogs. 

THE BULL-DOG. 

The extreme popularity of the bull-dog, both in 
the ordinary size and toy varieties, renders it 
necessary that a somewhat extended account of 
the breed should be given, but the writer will not 
attempt to move the mists that enshroud the 
origin and early history of the dog. The present 
British bull-dog has been built up out of the poor- 
looking specimens depicted in prints of only 
eighty years ago. In a book on the bull-dog by 
H. St. John Cooper, there is reproduced a celebrated 
bull-dog called 'Little Billy'; this illustration 
depicts about as miserable a specimen of a bull- 
dog as mortal man could conceive. The anatomical 
outlines of the bull-dog are present, but that is 
the most that can be said. At this period the 
dogs were used for bull- and bear-baiting. There 
is a Spanish bull-dog, and many believe that the 
bull-dog of to-day has been derived from the 
Spanish bull-dog, as the pointer was from the 
Spanish pointer. Many bull-dog breeders consider 
that there is a good deal of mastiff in the animal, 

H 



122 THE DOG 

this cross having been introduced for the purpose 
of giving the necessary courage, but the modern 
bull-dog in this respect bears no resemblance to 
his ancestors. The colour of the dog is not im- 
portant ; in fact, these dogs exist in a variety of 
colours, the chief being brindle, white, red, fawn, 
brindle and white, fawn and white, light or dark 
brindle. A black, slate, or dark-brown bull-dog 
does not find favour. As regards weight, 45 lbs. 
may be taken as the average, but this varies. The 
toy varieties also vary, some being about 18 lbs., 
but any dog or bitch that exceeds 20 lbs. is dis- 
qualified for show purposes. A typical bull-dog 
must have a large skull, with a fiat forehead, 
broad temples, and above the nose a deep depres- 
sion called the stop. The nose to be jet black, 
and the face short, and well wrinkled. The chops 
or cheeks must be thick, the flews hanging well 
down below the lower jaw, with a superabundance 
of skin about the throat and neck. The lower 
jaw powerful and square, projecting beyond the 
upper one in an upward direction. This is some- 
times spoken of as the ' turn-up.' The teeth are 
strong. The typical form of ear is that known 
as ' rose,' which should be set high on the head, 
thin in texture, and covered with fine hair. The 
terms 'button,' 'bat,' and 'tulip' ears are often 
given to other shapes of ear, and bull-dog breeders 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 123 

regard these forms as very defective. Eyes dark 
in colour, round, and placed low on the face. 
Chest very wide, deep, and shoulders powerful 
and muscular to a degree. Body strong, short, 
with great width across the shoulders, but narrower 
as the loins are approached ; these must be arched, 
constituting the so-called ' roach ' or wheel back. 
Fore-limbs strong and straight, with powerfully 
developed muscles running down the fore-arms. 
It is the great degree of muscular development in 
this region that produces the bent appearance, 
but this is only apparent, and any bull-dog with 
bent fore-limbs is very defective. The feet well 
arched, and the toes turned outwards. The chief 
defects of a bull-dog are: tulip, button, or bat 
ears, the button ear being one that falls over and 
forwards, thus hiding the passage of the ear; a 
'Dudley' or flesh-coloured nose, which is a dis- 
qualifying feature ; pinched nostrils, in which the 
nose is small and attenuated ; terrier eyes, indicated 
by the white of the eye being shown when the 
dog looks from the front. A round skull is 
objectionable, as the skull should be flat and 
broad. From 17 to 20 inches may be taken as 
the average measurement of a bull-dog's skull, the 
measurement being taken between the ears and 
eyes, or over the temples. Many bull-dogs are 
spoken of as being 'frog-faced,' owing to the 



124 THE DOG 

peculiar appearance sorae of them have. It is 
due to a deficiency of under-jaw, in other words 
the dog is overshot: this is a serious defect. 
Other defects are deficiency in bone, a thick 
coarse tail, flat sides, splay feet, legginess, and a 
want of true bull-dog expression throughout. The 
tail should be set on low, straight, thick at the 
root, about six inches in length, covered by fine 
hair, and carried straight downwards. Many 
believe that a ' screw ' tail, others that a ' crank ' 
tail, i.e. one with kink in it, is the correct type, 
but the description given is the one recognised 
by the British Bull-Dog Club. A toy bull-dog 
should have a wide chest, short back, short tail, 
and straight fore and hind limbs, but the hind 
quarters must be lighter than the fore, ears 
either rose or tulip, the eyes of moderate size ; in 
fact, the points of the toy bull-dog are identical 
with those of its prototype. As previously stated, 
the weight must be under 20 lbs. 

The Yorkshire Terrier. 

At one time the Yorkshire terrier was exceed- 
ingly popular, more especially amongst fanciers 
in his native county, but the majority of lady 
fanciers prefer a lap-dog with a coat that requires 
less attention than does the Yorkshire's. This 
dog is a long-haired, silky-coated, toy terrier, 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 125 

varying in weight from 4 to 7 lbs., but the smaller 
weights are usually the most sought after. The 
coat and the colour are very important points. 
The former must be long, the longer the better, 
and of a silky texture; what are called the 
'whiskers' ought to hang down to the ground. 
The hair on the head and back is parted, and of a 
silver or steel-blue colour. Tan-markings are 
present over the head and face, and on the feet, 
and should be well defined, and of a nice rich 
colour. The hind-legs ought to have tan- coloured 
hair upon them ; the head should be small and 
narrow, the ears small and fine, the body compact, 
and the general expression vivacious. Although 
the Yorkshire is a lively little terrier, and as a 
rule of good temperament, it is distinctly inferior 
to other breeds as a companion for children. In 
order to get these terriers ready for exhibition a 
good deal of care is necessary, and an owner, 
unless he is prepared to devote much attention to 
the toilet, had better not take up the breed for 
show purposes. The Yorkshire terrier must not 
be washed too often, otherwise the texture of the 
coat is destroyed. It is, of course, necessary to 
wash the animal occasionally, but reliance should 
be placed chiefly upon the brush and comb. 



126 THE DOG 

The Schipperke. 

The Schipperke is a short-haired black dog, 
occasionally chocolate, and it is said that white 
specimens occur. The breed originally came from 
Holland and Belgium, being used by bargemen, 
and they get their name through having been the 
constant companions of skippers. There are a 
good many of them in this country, and the 
breed has been vastly improved since its intro- 
duction. The coat must be perfectly black, the 
presence of white hair being objectionable. The 
weight most preferred is about 12 lbs. The coat 
is smooth, except upon the neck, the hair of 
which should form a frill, whilst that at the back 
of the thighs must be profuse ; this being known 
to fanciers as the ' culotte.' The head should be 
broad in the skull ; the eyes a medium size, and 
dark brown ; the ears erect, giving these little dogs 
their very sharp expression ; the back short and 
straight; the neck short and well-arched; the fore- 
limbs perfectly straight, of medium length ; and 
the hind-quarters well rounded. The Schipperke 
has no tail, or, if there is one at birth, it must be 
immediately cut off' as close as possible to the 
body. The chief faults are drop ears, light-coloured 
eyes, a light nose, a projecting lower jaw, and 
light claws. The last-named ought to be perfectly 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 127 

black. The Schipperke is of hardy constitution, 
and puppies are not difficult to rear, but these 
dogs are useful only as companions. 

The Italian Greyhound. 

This variety of toy-dog is built upon much the 
same lines as its prototype, the greyhound, but 
the little creature is only a lap-dog, and not of 
much use. At the Kennel Club Show there are 
usually about a dozen entries, and the breed 
never makes particular headway as regards popu- 
larity, although there is a club watching its 
interests. The reason of this is, in all proba- 
bility, the extremely delicate nature of the dogs. 
The weight should be from 3 to 10 lbs., but 
the smaller they are the better. Regarding the 
colour, there is considerable choice, but fawn, 
either light or dark, is the commonest, and 
black the rarest. A not uncommon colour is 
blue or slate; judges do not, however, attach a 
great deal of importance to this matter; the 
skin must be fine, and the coat perfectly flat, 
and of soft texture. The arms and fore-arms are 
long, the pasterns long, clean, and fine at the 
joints. A deep chest but certainly not a wide 
one, a long neck, a long back, powerfully-arched 
loins, long first and second thighs, and a long 
stifle are points of the Italian greyhound. Look- 



128 THE DOG 

ing at an Italian greyhound, one should at once 
see that it has a well-developed muscular system, 
the individual muscles or groups of muscles 
being plainly marked in outline, exactly as in 
the larger breed. Judges pay a good deal of 
attention to the head and the correct carriage 
of the ears, so many of these little dogs being 
faulty in this region. The head ought to be 
long, beautifully chiselled, and have small semi- 
erect thin ears, set-on well back. Nose to be 
black. The head, if it has any tendency towards 
roundness, constituting the so-called ' apple head,' 
is faulty. The same remark applies to ' tulip ' or 
erect ears, to a broad chest, and to a bad con- 
formation of the feet. Italian greyhounds are, 
almost always, sweet-tempered little dogs, and 
good, though not the best, companions for 
children. 

The Pomeranian. 

As a lap-dog the Pomeranian is more exten- 
sively patronised than any other variety. It was 
originally imported from Pomerania, in Germany, 
but it is only since its introduction into this 
country that the breed has attained its present 
high standard of excellence. At one time the 
Pomeranian or Spitz dog was common enough 
in this country as a small white dog weighing 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 129 

about 20 lbs., whereas in the present day some 
of them do not weigh above 3J lbs. The Kennel 
Club's classification is as follows: — White dogs, 
any weight; black dogs, any weight not exceed- 
ing 8 lbs.; brown dogs, any weight; shaded 
sable, any weight; orange, any weight; blue, 
any weight ; any colour and any weight, except- 
ing white, black, orange, and brown. This classi- 
fication shows how many varieties there are. 
Breeders usually prefix the word ' toy ' when the 
little creature weighs less than about 6 lbs. The 
principal colours are black, white, chocolate, fawn, 
blue, and red ; there are also parti-coloured dogs. 
Some breeders say that the red Pomeranians are 
the most troublesome to rear, but it is difficult 
to understand why this should be so. It is 
preferable to try to keep to whole colours, 
because breeding from parti-coloured dogs is apt 
to lead to the introduction of defective colour- 
ing of coat in whole-coloured specimens, such as, 
for instance, a patch of white hair upon some 
part of the body. The presence of white hair 
upon the breast is exceedingly common, and 
breeders are usually willing to sell specimens 
with this defect at a greatly reduced price. Any 
one purchasing a Pomeranian ought to scrutinise 
the breast carefully, because a tricky vendor will 
often dye the white hair to match the rest of 



130 THE DOG 

the coat, or, wliat is still worse, will take a pair 
of scissors and snip them out, or else pluck them. 
The head of a Pomeranian is small, with a foxy 
expression about it, the erect ears adding to this 
appearance. The Pomeranian Club says that the 
head should be wedge-shaped, with a trifling 
evidence of stop in profile, whilst the hair cover- 
ing the head must be smooth and short; the 
teeth level; the eyes dark and oblique. The 
same Club points out that the eyes should be 
expressive of great intelligence and docility. 
With all due respect to the formulators of this 
code of points, the writer would like to say that 
this last statement is hardly correct; in fact, 
for peevishness and a generally disagreeable 
nature he considers the Pomeranian is hard to 
beat. Doubtless admirers of the breed, who are 
mostly women, will say that the want of in- 
telligence rests with the author and not with the 
dog ; nevertheless the conclusion has been arrived 
at from practical experience of the Pomeranian, 
both in health and disease. 

Returning to the description, the nose should 
be black in black-and-tan, black, or white dogs, 
but in all liver-coloured Poms, flesh - coloured. 
A short neck; covered with a profuse mane of 
long, straight, glossy hair, extending from the 
under-jaw and covering the withers, shoulders, 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 131 

and chest, is a point of great importance. The 
body short and compact; legs of proportionate 
length, ending in compact, small feet. The tail 
must be twisted tightly over the back, or else 
rest flat either on the right or left side of the 
back, and should bear long flowing hair. The 
undercoat should be soft and abundant, the 
outer straight and endowed with a high degree 
of lustre. A whole-coloured dog, if it has white 
hair on the feet, will be debarred from competi- 
tion in a class for whole colours. The prices 
for Pomeranians vary considerably, but a really 
excellent puppy can be obtained for three or 
four guineas. The eyes of the Pomeranian often 
cause the owner some anxiety, owing to their 
weeping or watery condition. This is partly 
natural, but if the dog is allowed to sleep with 
its face exposed to a draught, a chronic inflam- 
mation of the eyes is liable to be set up. 

The Pug. 

There are two varieties of pugs, the black and 
the fawn, both of which have always been very 
popular, but during the last ten or twelve years 
the black variety seems to have had the largest 
number of patrons. A rough- coated variety of 
pug has been introduced, but never encouraged ; 
and the term ' toy pug ' is applied to the smaller 



132 THE DOG 

varieties of this breed, but has no significance 
amongst pug - dog breeders. Light and dark 
shades of fawn exist, also apricot and silver 
fawns. When black pugs were first of all in- 
troduced, a great difficulty was experienced in 
breeding in the compact form that is so charac- 
teristic of the pug. Another difficulty was in 
connection with the coat, many black pugs having 
a rusty tinge. These defects have, to a large 
extent, been eradicated, and the black pug now 
breeds fairly true to type. Both the black and 
fawn varieties have occasionally a patch of white 
upon either the breast or the feet, and a patch 
in the latter place spoils the dog for a show. A 
typical pug should have a black mask, a black 
trace extending from the head to the set-on of 
tail, and black shading from the ears and feet. 
These markings should always be sharply defined, 
though many pugs, even prizewinners, lack this 
clearness of definition. The skin over the body 
ought to be very loose, and heavily-wrinkled, 
more especially in the region of the neck, 
shoulders, and back. The mask should be of 
intense blackness, and the nostrils black. The 
less the nose shows the better ; the stop, that is, 
the depression in the face, should be deep, and 
the face ought to be well wrinkled. The head 
large and round ; the ears small and thin, carried 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 133 

close to the side of the head, and covered by soft 
hair. The so-called 'rose' or 'button' ears are 
preferred by connoisseurs. Judges are very keen 
on quality in the region of the head, and like a 
pug that has a short, square, blunt muzzle. The 
chest ought to be broad and deep ; the neck 
short and thick; the ribs well sprung, but the 
body short; the fore-limbs of medium length, 
well-rounded, and straight, with black toe-nails, 
though many fawn-pugs win that are lacking in 
the latter qualification. The tail should be 
doubly-curled, the tighter the curl the better. 
Large, dark, round, full eyes, moles on the cheek, 
and a thumb-mark on the forehead, are additional 
points of beauty. The chief defects are badly- 
defined markings, a want of general compactness, 
cow hocks, bad carriage of tail, white hair on the 
feet, deficiency of stop, protruding tongue, leggi- 
ness ; being too big, or too long in the head, or 
undershot ; and, in black pugs, the appearance of 
bronze or fawn shading in the coat. Any one 
selecting a pug -puppy should endeavour to 
obtain one built on the lines of a cob, which 
implies that it must have a good pedigree, though 
all pedigree dogs are not necessarily of good con- 
formation. The extremely docile temperament 
of the pug makes it the very best companion for 
children. A six weeks old puppy, of fashionable 



184 THE DOG 

breeding, can be purchased at two or three 
guineas, and an older dog, say from six to 
twelve months, at three or four guineas. Pugs 
are of a fairly hardy constitution, and puppies 
not particularly difficult to rear. 

The Griffon Bruxellois. 

These little dogs originally came from Belgium, 
and they have become very popular in this 
country. They are quaint terriers, and their 
diminutive size makes them good lap-dogs. 
They are believed to be a mixed variety, chiefly 
consisting of toy bull-dogs, pug, stable griffon, 
and toy spaniel ; the smaller they are the better, 
the weight most favoured being about 5 lbs. 
In colour they are either red or sandy, the coat 
being long and thick, and of a harsh or wiry 
texture. The lower jaw projects ; in fact, for this 
to be slightly undershot is characteristic. The 
eyes are black and large, with overhanging eye- 
brows, and the ears semi-erect, but neatly carried. 
The head must be large and round, and bristle- 
like hairs should be on the top, and a moustache 
should grow from the side of the nose and 
cheeks. It is this moustache that gives these 
little dogs their quaint facile expression. The 
body must be neatly-formed, and the limbs 
straight, ending in neatly-shaped feet, which 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 135 

must not be long. The tail should be carried in 
an upward direction. A typical Brussels Griffon 
generally commands a good price, and there is 
always a market for first-class puppies. 

The Maltese Terrier. 

This is a very ancient variety of terrier, and one 
that is extremely handsome, though it has never 
been particularly popular, doubtless because of 
the large amount of care that it is necessary to 
bestow upon it in order to keep it in first-rate 
trim. A typical specimen should be pure white, 
with a long and abundant coat, of an extremely 
silky texture. The Maltese terrier is regarded as 
being one of the oldest varieties of dog known, 
there being records of its history for several 
thousand years. The whole of the body should 
be clothed with, and the face completely concealed 
by, fine silky hair. The nostrils must be of an 
intense black, a Dudley or flesh-coloured nose 
being a serious detriment. Breeders of the 
Maltese like to obtain specimens as small as 
possible; in fact, the smaller animals are the 
more highly prized. From 5 to 7 lbs. is the 
average weight. These terriers are fairly hardy, 
but not always of the most agreeable tempera- 
ment. Excellent puppies can, as a rule, be bought 
at prices ranging from two to five or six guineas. 



136 THE DOG 

The Japanese Spaniel. 

These toy-dogs are not quite as popular as the 
Pekinese, but are built very much upon the same 
lines. They are sometimes spoken of as ' sleeve ' 
dogs, and are natives of Japan. In all proba- 
bility it is a very ancient variety, possibly having 
existed as long as the Maltese terrier. They are 
of fairly hardy constitution, but the prices which 
they command are certainly not as high as the 
Pekinese. The Kennel Club's classification is for 
dogs under, and dogs over, 7 lbs., but it is the 
Japanese Club that has done so much for the 
Japanese spaniel. The colours most favoured 
are red and white, and black and white, more 
especially the last-named. The markings must, 
however, be sharply defined, and uniformly dis- 
tributed over the cheeks, ears, and body, irregu- 
larity of marking being detrimental. The weight 
may be put down as ranging from 5 to 10 lbs., 
but these, as in almost every other variety of toy 
dog, are preferred as small as possible; in fact, 
one of the aims of lady-breeders seems to be the 
reduction of size, without considering the future 
welfare of the breed. As in the Pekinese, the 
chest must be wide and square, back short, the 
legs and feet well- feathered, the coat straight, 
silky, and abundant, absolutely free from any 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 137 

tendency to waviness or curl, but standing ' well 
off' ; and the more feather there is on the limbs 
the better. The skull should be broad, and the 
muzzle wide and strong; the eyes dark, and 
the ears V-shaped and well feathered. The tail 
should curl tightly over the back, and have a 
good plume. Extending from the nose over the 
front of the skull, there should be a white V- 
shaped area. The nose must be turned well up, 
and the dog active, and intelligent in facial 
expression. Any one contemplating going in for 
this variety of dog should buy a good bitch-pup, 
say at ten guineas, and mate her with a suitable 
sire. The dog-pups, though preferable for com- 
panionship, are lower in price. 

The Pekinese. 

These toy-dogs originally came from Pekin, 
and during the late disturbances at that place 
several specimens were brought over to this 
country, but most of the show dogs have been 
bred here, there being a Pekinese Club for the 
special encouragement of the breed, and the 
classes at the Kennel Club Show are always re- 
markably well filled. The classification adopted 
is for dogs under 10 lbs., over 10 lbs., for any 
weight, and for biscuit-coloured dogs. At the 
present time the Pekinese is one of the most 

I 



138 THE DOG 

fashionable varieties of toy -dog, and fabulous 
prices are asked and obtained for good specimens, 
whilst the stud fees run up to twenty guineas; 
but there is no doubt that the ladies will in 
course of time begin to tire of these foreign toy- 
dogs, and as a result the breed will follow the 
general trend of doggy commerce, and prices 
become reasonable. The Pekinese exists in a 
wide range of colours, such as biscuit, chocolate, 
brindle, black, black and tan, red, white, etc. 
Fawn with black facial markings is a colour 
much sought after. The nose ought to be black 
in red and black - and - tan dogs, but in other 
shades it is often pink. Some of the special 
prizes awarded by the Pekinese Club debar a 
dog from competing if it has a pink nose. 
Numerous special prizes are offered by this 
club for dogs under 6 lbs. in weight, hence 
there is a desire to favour the lighter weights. 
The under - coat is short and thick, and the 
outer straight, and there is a very heavy mane. 
A striking feature of the Pekinese is the heavy 
conformation of the body in front, as compared 
with its lightness behind. The head must be 
large, broad, well domed in the skull, and have 
a great degree of width between the eyes, which 
should be prominent and black in colour. The 
lower jaw must not project beyond the upper, 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 139 

but take an upward turn to meet the upper jaw. 
The muzzle must be square, and the markings or 
black points sharply defined — in fact, the sharper 
the better. Fore-limbs straight, of proportionate 
length, with plenty of bone and substance, and 
an abundance of feather, ending in long toes, 
well feathered between them. The tail must 
curl tightly over the back, and be particularly 
full in the plume, a matter to which Pekinese 
judges give a good deal of attention. The move- 
ments of a Pekinese should be active, and the 
general expression of the dog vivacious. 

Toy Spaniels. 

Under the heading of ' toy spaniels ' the follow- 
ing varieties are classified: — 

Blenheim Spaniels. 

King Charles or Black and Tan Spaniels. 

Ruby or Red Spaniels. 

Tricoloured Spaniels. 

Prince Charles Spaniels. 

All the varieties of toy spaniels have for 
generations been carefully bred, and highly 
prized, more especially amongst the nobility, and 
some extraordinary prices have been paid for 
these small dogs. They are, unquestionably, 
charming little animals, and, in the writer's 



140 THE DOG 

opinion, much more deserving of popularity than 
are their rivals, the Pomeranian, Pekinese, and 
Japanese. Although all these spaniels are very 
handsome, the ruby and tricoloured specimens 
are particularly fascinating. The Blenheim 
spaniel is so-called owing to its association with 
the Marlborough family at the palace of Blen- 
heim, though it is more than questionable 
whether the breed originated here. The correct 
colour is white, with chestnut markings, and the 
more evenly distributed the markings >re, the 
more highly prized is the specimen. The ears 
must be long, heavily feathered — in fact, the 
longer the ears are, the better. Commonly the 
hair upon the ears is of a deep chestnut, and 
so are the cheeks, with a white blaze extending 
from the nose over the forehead. The so-called 
' spot,' which is regarded as the beauty spot or 
hall-mark of perfection, is sometimes present 
about the middle of this white patch, and 
consists of a thumb-shaped marking of chest- 
nut. No doubt too much attention is paid, by 
those who have a superficial knowledge of the 
breed, to the presence of this mark, and many 
of the best specimens on the show-bench are 
without it. The skull should be well domed, 
and project until it touches the nostril; in fact, 
there should be no bridge to the nose, the stop 



POINTS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS 141 

being deep, and the nose well turned up. Eyes 
must be large, very prominent, and placed well 
apart, expressing extreme sympathy and a 
lovable disposition. The tongue must never pro- 
trude from the mouth, nor must the lower jaw 
project beyond the upper, as in the Bruxelles 
Griffon, but must be turned up to meet the 
upper jaw. Neck and shoulders short and neatly- 
rounded ; a compact body, with a broad breast ; 
straight fore and hind limbs, with an abundance 
of feather upon both. The coat must be long, 
silky, and straight ; the tail ought to be heavily 
feathered and carried low. The chief faults of 
the Blenheim are poor markings, projecting 
under jaw, legginess, want of general compact- 
ness, too much nose, defective dome of skull, 
curly coat, bad carriage of stern, etc. The King 
Charles spaniels are black, with tan points, and 
tan spots over the eyes and cheeks. There must 
be no white hair on the chest; white hair in 
any part is a disqualifying feature. In tri- 
coloured specimens the black markings must 
correspond with the red ones of the mane, but 
the spot is, of course, absent. In all three 
varieties of spaniel the points are practically 
identical, and the average weight is from 7 to 
10 lbs., but the smallest specimens are those 
held in greatest esteem. Any one who is going 



142 THE DOG 

in for breeding these dogs, ought to secure a 
young brood-bitch of medium size, and select 
as a sire the most typical specimen of the 
breed that can be found. For this purpose it 
may be advisable to visit one of the leading 
shows and make arrangements accordingly. 



FOREIGN DOGS 143 



FOREIGN DOGS. 

The term 'foreign' includes any breed of dog 
tliat has its origin, or is imported from, abroad, 
but does not include certain breeds which, 
though once foreign, are now regarded as British, 
or those dogs for which the Kennel Club has 
allotted separate classifications. The writer is 
inclined to think that many of these importa- 
tions should have been left in their native lands, 
and he would like to see a Canine Aliens Bill 
which would enable the authorities to deport 
all dogs that the judges declare unsuitable to 
compete with the many breeds already estab- 
lished in this country. The dogs that are 
principally shown in the foreign class are as 
follows : — 

The Samoyede. 

The Esquimaux. 

The Dingo. 

The Bouledoge Fran9ais. 

The Lhassa Terrier. 

The Persian Greyhound. 



144 THE DOG 

The Hairless Dog of Mexico. 

The Dhole. 

The Chesapeake Bay Dog. 

Thibet Spaniels. 

Elk Hounds, etc. 

Australian Terriers, etc. 

The Samoyede. 

These are white dogs having their origin in 
the Arctic Regions, being there used for sleigh 
work. They are smart, active-looking animals 
having a dense, white, stand-off coat, black nose, 
erect ears, and a keen facial expression. There 
ought to be a dense soft undercoat, thus afford- 
ing additional protection to the skin, so necessary 
in the cold regions. The hair around the throat 
forms a sort of frill, and the head has a distinctly 
foxy look. The puppies are very handsome, and, 
when about six weeks old, strongly resemble a 
ball of wool, hence many ladies take a particular 
fancy to them at this age. Both at the Kennel 
Club Show and the Ladies' Kennel Association 
Show, there are usually about half a dozen Samo- 
yedes entered, and it is quite possible that each 
year will see an increase in the number of 
entries. 



FOREIGN DOGS 145 

The Esquimaux. 

This breed of dog is employed by explorers 
and others in Arctic Regions, and it varies in its 
colour, some being white, others silver grey, or 
black. In appearance the breed strongly re- 
sembles the wolf, the muzzle being long and 
pointed, and the eyes set obliquely in the orbits, 
whilst the ears are small, inclined forwards, and 
erect. They are big, powerful dogs, and the 
amount of exertion they can undergo is truly 
wonderful. The coat is dense, and stands off 
from the body like that of a Chow-Chow, there 
being a dense, soft, woolly undercoat, and any 
judge, looking at one of these dogs, ought not 
to award it a prize unless it is particularly good 
in coat. The body must be well put together; 
in fact, to be typical, an Esquimaux dog must be 
well coupled fore and aft, and well developed in 
its middle piece. Legs to be clean, big-boned, 
and of good conformation. 

The Dingo. 

This is the native dog of Australia, and in 
colour it is either red or red interspersed with 
black hair. The ears are erect, the body long 
and strongly built; in fact, the dog is heavily 
built throughout limbs and body, and the back- 



146 THE DOG 

ward position of the hind-limbs indicates that it 
is particularly adapted for running. The eyes 
are dark-coloured, the muzzle pointed, the fore- 
head flat, and the neck short and strong. The 
tail strongly resembles, and is carried like, a fox's. 
The feet are large. 

The Bouledoge Frangais. 

It is only within the last few years that this 
breed has been introduced into this country, but, 
since the formation of the French Bull-Dog Club 
and the allocation of classes for the breed by the 
Kennel Club, it has sprung into prominence. 
The classification of the Kennel Club is for dogs 
and bitches over 24 lbs., but not over 28 lbs. in 
weight ; for dogs not over 20 lbs. ; for dogs over 
20 lbs., and not over 24 lbs. ; together with the 
brace and team classes. The French bull-dog 
strongly resembles the British breed, and the 
large ears are the most distinctive features; in 
fact, it would appear to be simply a bull-dog that 
at some time or other had been introduced into 
France and allowed to run riot so far as show- 
bench points are concerned ; in other words, a 
British bull-dog deteriorated through residence 
in France. However this may be, it has become 
an established breed in this country, and a few 
words relating to it are necessary. In general 



FOREIGN DOGS 147 

build it is practically identical with the bull- 
dog. The colour varies; it may be brindle, 
smutty, or any whole colour, but admirers of 
the breed do not like black. Body short and 
muscular, and the chest deep, whilst the breast 
should be broad. The head must be large; the 
forehead flat; and the deeper the 'stop' the 
better. Muzzle short and broad, and the under 
jaw longer than the upper. The correct type 
of ear is the so-called 'bat' ear, which is broad 
at the base and stands erect. Fore-arms must be 
very muscular and big- boned, short, straight, 
and end below in compact feet. The erect 
carriage of the ears reminds one of the Scottish 
terrier, because the orifice of the ear is directed 
forwards. Hind-limbs strong and straight, and 
dog must be free from any cow-hock con- 
formation. A close coat, a low set -on, short, 
thick tail, and a general bull- dog conformation 
throughout may be looked upon as the essential 
points of the breed. It is unnecessary in a work 
of this sort to enter into a detailed description 
of a breed that is not particularly interesting. 

The Lhassa Terrier. 

This variety of dog is indigenous to Lhassa, and 
is useful chiefly as a lap-dog, being about the size 
of a Skye terrier, but differing in many respects 



148 THE DOG 

from that breed. In colour, Lhassa terriers are 
sandy, black, dark grizzle, or a blend of these 
with white. The coat is long and very dense, and 
the tail is carried over the back. The Lhassa 
terrier should have a narrow skull, moderately 
flat on the top, and similar to that of the Skye 
terrier. The body is of medium length, and the 
ears are like the drop-eared Skye terrier's. The 
Lhassa is not likely to find much favour in this 
country. 

The Persian Greyhound. 

These dogs are practically identical with the 
Afghan greyhound, several specimens of which 
have been entered in the foreign classes at the 
Crystal Palace Show. They are built upon racing 
lines, as our own greyhounds are, but are slightly 
heavier in build and have long hair on the ears, 
tail, backs of the limbs, etc. This gives them a 
very quaint appearance. 

The Hairless Dog of Mexico. 

Specimens occasionally make their appearance 
at the Kennel Club Shows. Very little is known 
regarding the origin of the breed, but Jesse in his 
Researches into the History of the British Bog, 
referring to the dog of Buenos Ayres, says : ' There 
are also small dogs without hair, except on the 



FOREIGN DOGS 149 

head and the tail, which are shagged; they are 
often the companions of the ladies of the country.' 
In most respects the Mexican hairless dog re- 
sembles a black-and-tan terrier that has been 
shorn of its hair. In weight they are about 
18 lbs. 

The remaining foreign dogs are the Dhole, 
which is a native of India, and the Chesapeake Bay 
dog, which is said to have originated on the shores 
of Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. It'is stated 
that during the year 1807 an American ship, the 
Canton, fell in at sea with an English brig in a 
sinking condition. The American vessel took off 
the crew, together with two puppies, a dog and a 
bitch, and the skipper of the ship bought the 
puppies from a sailor and took them to Baltimore 
with him. The bitch puppy was black, and the 
dog red, and through them the breed, it is said, 
was established. In colour the Chesapeake Bay 
dog is reddish brown, the coat undergoing an 
alteration in the autumn ; they are about the size 
of a retriever. 

Other foreign dogs are the Elk hounds, Thibet 
spaniels, Australian terriers, Thibet mastiffs, the 
last named occupying premier position amongst 
the foreign dogs at a recent Kennel Club Show ; 
but these breeds are not of sufficient importance 
to merit any individual description. 



150 THE DOG 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 

Distemper. 

This is an exceedingly common disease, and 
one from which most young dogs suffer, although 
all dogs are not affected by it. It may be defined 
as an infectious eruptive fever, communicable 
directly or indirectly from one dog to another, 
and also transferable to the ferret family. It is 
closely allied to influenza, and prostration is 
characteristic of both diseases. Every year a 
large percentage of deaths are attributable to 
distemper — a complaint that may be spoken of 
as a canine plague, varying in its intensity from 
time to time. A well-marked attack of the 
disease, although it does not confer immunity, to 
some extent protects the dog from a further 
attack. When adult dogs are affected, the 
chances of recovery are good, but sometimes dis- 
temper proves fatal to old dogs, more especially 
if lung complications arise. It is a popular, 
although erroneous, opinion that a dog must 
necessarily have distemper, and many owners 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 151 

mistake an ordinary cold for this complaint. 
Young dogs frequently contract the disease at 
shows, probably through the benches being in- 
fected. Veterinary surgeons do not admit dogs 
to shows when they have distemper, and the 
inspection is usually of a fairly thorough nature, 
but during the latent phases of the disease it is 
quite possible that a distemper-affected dog may 
gain admission to a show now and then. Strictly 
speaking, distemper must be regarded as a disease 
specially prone to attack the young, and most 
dogs suffer from it between the ages of two and nine 
months, but an attack may come at any time. 
The course of the disease is considerably influenced 
by the temperament, constitution, and condition 
of the animal at the time of attack, and there can 
be no doubt that surroundings play an equally 
important part. For instance, a dog, comfortably 
housed and kept in clean quarters, will be much 
more likely to pass satisfactorily through the 
various phases of the complaint than will one 
kept in unhealthy surroundings. 

Symptoms. — Although variable in its manifesta- 
tions, distemper always presents certain features 
which serve to distinguish it from allied conditions. 
During what is termed the ' incubative ' period of 
the malady, i.e. the time elapsing from the date 
of infection to the development of symptoms, the 



152 THE DOG 

owner may not be aware of aught being amiss 
with the dog, yet the animal, if carefully observed, 
will be found wanting in its usual vigour, con- 
stantly shivering, and inclined to seek the warmest 
part of its kennel. During this time the internal 
temperature will, if taken, be found in all proba- 
bility to be about 104° Fahrenheit, the normal 
temperature of the dog, when at rest and under 
ordinary conditions, being 101°. If the dog is 
carefully examined the membranes lying in the 
eyelids will be found unusually red ; the nose dry, 
yet with a thin watery discharge issuing from 
the nostrils, the dog occasionally sneezing. The 
animal looks generally out of sorts, and soon signs 
of catarrh present themselves. There is a husky 
cough, and the dog constantly tries to expectorate, 
but without success. The owner thinks that his 
dog wants to be sick, but sickness does not occur 
as a rule, unless artificially produced. 

In the course of two or three days the thin 
watery discharge from the nose changes to a 
creamy consistence, and this continues until the 
disease has run its course. The discharge is very 
characteristic of distemper; in fact, this is the 
only disease in which it is present. These 
catarrhal signs, though not absolutely diagnostic 
of the malady, are almost constant features of it, 
and by far the most significant, more especially 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 153 

when there is a skin eruption, and prostration. 
Distemper in its simple form is disposed to run a 
favourable course, but it becomes a deadly scourge 
when such organs as the lungs, pleura, stomach, 
bowels, liver, and brain are affected. It is usual 
to speak of distemper of the head, chest, belly, 
and so forth, but in all probability these parts are 
primarily involved in the disease ; in fact, it is 
believed that the specific organisms of distemper, 
though allied in their bacteriological features, 
present somewhat different aspects, in accordance 
with their preference for attacking individual 
organs. Distemper, appearing as it does in so 
many obscure forms, is a malady that may easily 
deceive even an expert, and by the term ' expert ' 
the writer implies a veterinary surgeon. It is 
these masked forms of the disease that cause so 
much trouble in diagnosis, and sometimes lead to 
the dissemination of the complaint throughout 
a kennel, or, it may be, throughout a whole 
neighbourhood. It is an ailment that always 
runs a definite course, and all the so-called ' dis- 
temper cures ' are either useless or harmful. The 
malady, by careful medicinal treatment, may be 
to some extent guided in its course, but never 
cured, except by the efforts of nature. The skin 
eruption varies in its severity and in its distribu- 
tion over the body. It starts as minute red spots, 

K 



154 THE DOG 

which in the course of twenty-four hours increase 
in size, assuming the form of small pustules. In 
some cases the eruption, which appears most 
commonly on the skin of the belly, inside the 
thighs, and under the arms, but sometimes all 
over the body, is really the only evidence that 
the animal has distemper. As in scarletina, 
shedding of the epidermis takes place, but in a 
much shorter time, eight days. In addition to 
the eruption there is a characteristic odour from 
the skin, a smell that is easily recognised if it has 
been smelt once.^ 

A dog, when it has distemper, loses flesh in a 
very rapid manner, and severe prostration is one 
of the outstanding features of the disease. In 
almost every case there is inflammation of the 
mucous membrane lining the eyelids, and this 
often leads to a clouded condition of the cornea. 
As convalescence becomes established, the cloudi- 
ness usually disappears, but in some cases it does 
not do so, the force of the poison again and again 
attacking the eyes, giving rise to a recurrent form 
of ophthalmia, generally persisting until complete 
destruction of the eyeball occurs, leaving the dog 
permanently blind. In passing, it may be said 

1 A condition (often observed in the molar teeth especially) 
after an attack of distemper is a shedding of the enamel' in 
patches, exposing the surface beneath. 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 155 

that there seems to be no means of curing this 
form of the disease. The cornea ulcerates, the 
humour of the eye escapes, the eye heals, or 
rather attempts to heal, only to be again attacked. 
Suppuration from the eyes is the result of infection 
by pus organisms. 

Sore throat, bronchitis, vomiting, dysentery, a 
yellowness of the skin, thirst, paralysis, fits, and 
convulsions occur, either individually or collec- 
tively, in some cases of distemper. Paralysis, 
however, and chorea or St. Vitus's dance are com- 
monly regarded as sequels to the complaint, and 
it is quite true that they do not come on, as a 
rule, until towards the close. These two compli- 
cations, though not necessarily fatal, sometimes 
mean death. A dog levelled to the ground through 
paralysis following distemper, has a better chance 
of recovering permanently than has a dog with 
chorea, the complaint last named usually persist- 
ing throughout the animal's life. 

The details of distemper are so many that the 
writer has been able to give only a very short 
sketch of them, and he must now hasten to give — 
and this is far more important to the reader, if he 
be a layman — an outline of the proper manage- 
ment and treatment of the patient. If the disease 
breaks out in a kennel of young dogs, immediately 
isolate the diseased animal, and tell off a separate 



156 THE DOG 

attendant to look after it, for there is danger of 
infecting the other dogs through the kennelman's 
clothes and through the appliances he touches. 
Always bear in mind that distemper is an acute, 
infectious, eruptive disease, communicable directly 
or indirectly, and that this makes complete isola- 
tion imperative. A dog may easily contract dis- 
temper, whilst at exercise or in the street, and 
many are infected in this manner ; and the writer 
has known the visit of a keeper from one kennel 
to another to introduce the disease where it had 
never been known before. It is always advisable 
where a number of young dogs are kept together, 
to separate from the rest any that show the 
slightest signs of cough, cold, or sore throat. The 
kennel must be kept scrupulously clean, cleanli- 
ness often lessening the severity of the malady ; 
moreover, a filthy kennel has an exhausting 
influence over the animal constitution. A dog 
when it has distemper must be fed in accordance 
with the rules laid down under the heading of 
' The Special Feeding of Sick Dogs ' (see para- 
graph). Boiled fish, and, what is still better, a 
small portion of a salt red-herring given several 
times daily, will do good ; puppies must be kept 
warm, preferably in a moist atmosphere, best 
obtained through the use of the fumigating 
apparatus sold by Messrs. Allen and Hanbury, 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 157 

Plough Court, Lombard Street. If the vaporiser 
is allowed to act in a shut-up kennel, it will exert 
a most beneficial influence, more especially when 
the bronchial tubes and lungs are affected. Two 
or three drops of terebene, and five drops of oil of 
eucalyptus, blended with a teaspoonful of honey 
and the same quantity of brandy, given two or 
three times daily, has generally a very salutary 
effect, not only in controlling the respiratory irri- 
tation, but also acting as a general antiseptic. 
For the troublesome, husky cough, it is, as a rule, 
advisable to give an emetic to clear the throat. 
From one teaspoonful to a tablespoonful or a little 
more of ipecacuanha wine is suitable for this pur- 
pose. It is not generally necessary to repeat the 
dose. Tablespoonful doses of strong coffee, or 
doses of from one to four teaspoonfuls of brandy, 
are beneficial stimulants in distemper, more 
especially if the latter be combined with some 
nourishment, such as the yolk of an egg beaten 
up or a teaspoonful of Brand's essence. A small 
quantity of tripe is excellent; this can be given 
two or three times daily. If vomiting is trouble- 
some, give 20 grains of powdered bismuth, com- 
bined with 10 grains of bromide of ammonia, in a 
tablespoonful of water every four hours. When 
the bowels are in an irritable condition, from 3 to 
10 grains of grey powder should be placed on the 



158 THE DOG 

tongue daily, but it must be borne in mind that 
looseness of tbe bowels is salutary, and, unless 
excessive, should not be checked. Dysentery can 
usually be controlled by the employment of 
powdered ipecacuanha, say 5 to 8 grains two or 
three times daily. If jaundice, commonly called 
' the yellows,' is a marked symptom of disease, 
give from 2 to 4 grains of calomel on the tongue 
every other day, unless the drug acts too freely as a 
purgative. In cases of this nature it is advisable to 
allow dogs soda-water and milk, or, what is equally 
beneficial, milk- whey ; lime-water is also of service. 
Rub the throat, if it is sore, as will be indicated 
by a difficulty in swallowing, with white oil, and 
the chest with camphorated liniment ; but when 
lung complications are suspected, it will be better 
to apply hot linseed and mustard poultices around 
the front and sides of the chest, fastening the 
poultices on with a broad flannel bandage. For 
the treatment of fits, see ' Epilepsy ' ; also see 
paragraphs on ' chorea ' and ' paralysis.' Sponge 
the eyes, nose, etc., several times daily with a 
little cold tea, avoiding the use of all substances 
such as milk, a dirty sponge, etc. As a dressing 
for the eyes a little boracic ointment is most 
useful; smear a small piece between the eyelids 
twice daily. All cases of distemper, no matter of 
what degree, call for a great deal of attention, 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 159 

and, unless the owner is prepared to devote time 
and a reasonable amount of expense, a successful 
issue cannot be hoped for. It is a popular, but 
erroneous, idea amongst laymen, that a dog should 
be starved, or rather kept short of food, whilst 
labouring under distemper. This will complete the 
subjugation of the animal, but not of the disease, 
and the owner of a dog or horse that is attacked 
by distemper should remember the old proverb 
that ' a righteous man regardeth the life of his 
beast,' which is not embodied in starvation fare. 

Inflammation of the Lungs and Pleurisy. 

The dog, like all other animals, is occasionally 
a sufferer from disease of the lungs and their 
covering (pleural membranes), and occasionally 
the inflammation extends to the serous mem- 
brane enclosing the heart (the pericardium, or 
heart sac), resulting in the production of what 
is technically termed 'pericarditis.' In all pro- 
bability lung inflammation is always the result 
of infection by micro-organisms, the commonest 
of these being the organisms of distemper. But 
pneumonia appears in the dog quite apart from 
this malady. If this disease is suspected — indi- 
cated by quickened breathing, general dulness, 
high temperature, thirst, and a disposition to 
keep sitting, with the nostrils in the direction 



160 THE DOG 

of a draught, — it will be best to obtain the 
services of a veterinary surgeon, because, unless 
this malady is properly treated, the animal will 
certainly die. 

Bronchitis. 

By bronchitis we mean inflammation of the 
bronchial tubes. This, when it attacks the larger 
air tubes, is not of such gravity as when the 
smaller ones are chiefly implicated, there being 
in the latter case a danger that the disease will 
lead to inflammation of the lungs, or to what 
is known as catarrhal pneumonia. Bronchial 
inflammation is commonly present in distemper, 
in fact, usually part and parcel of that malady. 
Its appearance in these circumstances is favoured 
by neglect, or by keeping the animal in a damp 
kennel, dampness being an exciting cause. It 
is usual to speak of bronchitis as ' acute ' and 
' chronic,' the one often terminating in the other, 
but acute bronchitis is the form usually met 
with in the dog. The so-called ' mechanical ' 
bronchitis is that arising from the inhalation of 
irritating vapour, whereas the prefix 'parasitic' 
is employed, when the bronchial inflammation 
has arisen through the presence of threadworms 
in the air-tubes. 

Symptoms. — The leading symptoms of bronchitis 
are the so-called rse (a sound produced by air 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 161 

passing through fluid in the tube), fever, and 
frequent attempts at expectoration. 

Treatment and Management. — Keep dog in 
a warm house ; clothe body ; use the fumigat- 
ing apparatus recommended under ' distemper ' ; 
poultice chest if necessary ; and give 20 drops 
of ipecacuanha wine, combined with 10 drops 
of tincture of belladonna, and 5 drops of concen- 
trated liquid acetate of ammonia, in a dessert 
spoonful of water, every six or eight hours. 

Catarrh or Coryza. 
In plain language, catarrh means a cold, 
affecting the mucous membranes of the head, 
and indicated by watery discharge from the 
eyes and nose, sneezing, and general dulness. 
Catarrh, as previously stated, nearly always 
accompanies distemper, and it is usually a very 
difficult matter for a layman to differentiate 
between that ailment and the benign condition 
now under consideration. As a rule, two or three 
days will usually settle the matter. Catarrh is 
not infective; does not prostrate; is not accom- 
panied by any skin eruption; ends as simply 
as it began ; and requires nothing beyond good 
general nursing. 

Epilepsy. 

Fits or convulsions, both in adult and young 



162 THE DOG 

dogs, more especially the latter, are of common 
occurrence. 

In distemper, convulsions frequently come on, 
diminishing the animal's chances of recovery. 
In all probability irritation in the alimentary 
canal (worms, etc.) brings on fits, if the germs 
of the malady are in the blood. 

The convulsions of distemper are somewhat 
different from the epileptic seizures seen in the 
adult animal, being in the former case, in the 
author's experience, more frequent, of shorter dura- 
tion, and less disposed to leave the sufferer in an 
unconscious or semi-conscious, condition. 

External injuries to the cranial vault are some- 
times, but not often, the cause of fits. The fits 
that come on during distemper often follow one 
upon the other at intervals of from half an hour 
to several hours or, it may be, several days. 
There is nothing to guide one as to the time 
when a seizure may take place. 

Excitement is liable to produce a fit. Experi- 
mentally, fits have been produced by stimulating 
with a galvanic current certain convolutions of 
the brain. The duration of the convulsions is 
seldom above a few minutes, or, it may be, only 
a few seconds. 

The chief points to attend to in these diseases 
are : — 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 163 

(1) To feed on easily digested food. 

(2) To keep the bowels moderately loose. 

(3) To avoid all exciting influences. 

(4) When the fits are on, to pour a little cold 

water over the head. 

(5) Give internally 10 to 20 grains of bromide 

of potash night and morning in a table- 
spoonful of cold water. 

Adult dogs should be treated for worms. 

Chorea (St. Vitus's Dance). 

This morbid process is one of the worst sequels 
to distemper, often retarding or preventing what 
promised to be good recoveries from the original 
complaint. It is also known as twitch. 

The presence of chorea is denoted by the 
twitching of certain muscles, more especially in 
the region of the head, though by no means 
uncommon in other parts, such as the legs, etc. 
If but slight, chorea may escape observation for 
a long time, whereas in other cases the malady 
is so pronounced as to interfere with the animal's 
usefulness. These involuntary twitching move- 
ments are, in some instances, in abeyance during 
sleep, becoming apparent immediately the dog 
is disturbed. 

When purchasing a dog, particular attention 



164 THE DOG 

should be paid to see that it is free from the 
complaint, more especially if it has recently had 
distemper. With reference to treatment, a course 
of alterative and tonic medicine, associated with 
malt and cod-liver oil, is the most suitable. A 
very useful remedy is to give a teaspoonful of 
Fellowes' Syrup of Hypophosphates night and 
morning. Easton's Syrup may also be tried. 
The best of food must be given. If the malady 
is severe, the chances of cure are small. 

Paralysis. 

This can either be local or general, i.e. a cer- 
tain part may be thrown out of action, or the 
whole of the body 'apparently' paralytic. Mere 
want of control over the hind- quarters, such as 
the debility observed, so commonly, in this region 
after distemper, must not be confused with the 
condition now under consideration. In apoplexy 
of the brain, or in the case of an injury to the 
spine, such as may happen when a dog has been 
run over, the animal is suddenly paralysed. Loss 
of consciousness necessarily means loss of motor- 
power over the whole body. A broken leg, jaw, 
etc., renders the part useless or paralytic until 
there is a reunion of the parts injured. In strych- 
nine poisoning the tetanic spasms commonly 
render the animal completely paralytic. Disease 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 165 

of the spine, of the textures enclosing it, or of 
the brain is a frequent cause of paralysis, either 
' complete ' or ' partial.' Treatment can be success- 
fully applied only when the likely causes have 
been considered. A frequent cause (not effect) 
of paralysis in the dog is constipation. If this 
is the case, give a dose of purgative medicine 
and an injection of soap and water or glycerine, 
say two tablespoonfuls. If due to rheumatism, 
treat accordingly. In this, as in many other 
maladies, the author advises that a 'qualified' 
(M.R.C.V.S.) practitioner be called in. We empha- 
sise the word ' qualified,' because the author — 
much to his regret — has had it brought to his 
notice that in many instances the unqualified 
sons of veterinary surgeons have professed a 
knowledge of canine diseases, and by mistakes 
due to their youth and ignorance (to say nothing 
of their impudence) have brought disrepute upon 
qualified and able practitioners. Consultants 
should beware of sons working under the title 
and qualifications of their fathers. 

Apoplexy. 

An apoplectic stroke is denoted by the sudden- 
ness of attack, the dog being struck to the ground 
without the slightest warning, becoming uncon- 
scious, and perhaps dying immediately. In epi- 



166 THE DOG 

lepsy (falling sickness) the dog is convulsed, the 
muscles of the face, eyes, jaw, body, etc., all being 
involved, whereas in an apoplectic stroke from 
the brain, the animal does not show these signs. 
If apoplexy is suspected, give the dog a quick 
purgative and act as advised in paralysis. 

Rheumatism. 

(Also called Kennel Lameness and Chest-founder.) 

Rheumatism, both in its acute and chronic — 
more especially the latter — forms, is a fairly 
common complaint of the dog, and one for which 
most quack-medicine vendors have their 'so- 
called' cure. 'Tis fortunate for some — unfortu- 
nate for others — that the dog has not the power 
of speech. The causes of rheumatism are of a 
' predisposing ' and ' exciting ' nature. Hounds 
are very subject to it, and sporting, more fre- 
quently than non-sporting, dogs. Some dogs 
seem to have an attack of rheumatism when 
the slightest exciting cause (damp, cold, etc.) is 
present. Easterly winds have been known to 
produce it. 

Symptoms. — Generally constipation, tenderness 
when the loins are manipulated (lumbago), or 
complete loss of use in hind - limbs. When 
rheumatism is confined to the fore-quarters — 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 167 

chest-founder — the dog screams when made to 
move about. Sometimes a dog will give a sudden 
howl when moving, and the owner fails to detect 
any cause for it. The possibility of rheumatism 
should be borne in mind. 

Treatment. — Give a 5 -grain blue piU until the 
bowels are freely open. Rub the parts with the 
following liniment night and morning : — 

5^ Opodeldoc, ... 4 ounces 
Capsicum liniment . 4 ounces 
Mix, and use as directed above. 

If the malady is ' acute,' give twenty grains of 
salicylate of soda night and morning, but if 
'chronic,' five grains of iodide of potash in one 
tablespoonful of water. As to food — fish, milk, 
bread and meat, and soda-water to drink instead 
of ordinary water ; when the dog becomes thirsty 
he will drink soda-water. 

Rabies (Madness). 

For the absence of rabies in this country thanks 
are due to the muzzling order and the strict 
quarantine regulations. In certain other countries 
rabies continues to rage, deaths from hydrophobia 
occurring from time to time. As many of our 
readers doubtless reside in foreign lands where 
the malady prevails, it is desirable to make brief 
reference to some of the more important features 



168 THE DOG 

of this deadly canino ailment. First of all, the 
bite of a rabid dog or other rabid animal is liable 
to be followed by hydrophobia in man, or rabies 
in other animals, such as the horse, wolf, cat, 
ox, tiger, pig, etc. Secondly, the disease assumes 
two distinct forms in the dog, (a) furious rabies; 
(h) dumb rabies. In the form last named the 
characteristic sign is found in a 'dropped' or 
paralytic condition of the lower jaw, the tongue 
hanging out. An early symptom of rabies is 
shyness and restlessness, the whole disposition 
of the dog being altered. He becomes peevish, 
snapping at imaginary objects, and, later on, at 
other animals coming in contact with him. A 
marked feature, usually present, is biting, licking, 
or tearing the original seat of injury — the inocula- 
tion wound. There is an alteration in the voice 
— a semi-bark and howl — and this is very charac- 
teristic. Later on, there is inability to swalloAv 
water, with an inclination to gnaw at anything, 
particles of wood, straw, etc., being usually dis- 
covered in the stomach post-mortem. All these 
signs rapidly increase in severity, others, of an 
irregular nature, commonly showing themselves 
towards the close, which is seldom prolonged 
beyond the seventh day from the onset of sus- 
picious signs. From one to eight weeks — though 
in some instances several months — may be taken 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 169 

as the time elapsing between inoculation and 
the development of symptoms. Three months 
is the time fixed for quarantine, so that this may 
be taken as the maximum time for isolating an 
animal bitten by one suspected as rabid. 



Indigestion (Dyspepsia). 

Indigestion means perverted assimilation, and, 
simple as the malady may appear to be, its 
presence suggests much, for the disorder may 
arise through functional or organic changes in any 
part of the body, and not merely in the stomach 
or boAvels. Purely functional disorder of the 
stomach, no doubt, does occur, and is capable 
of producing dyspeptic symptoms. Decayed or 
decaying teeth are frequently found in dogs, 
and the irregular action of the bowels, skin 
disease, hair falling off, and an offensive breath 
are sufficiently indicative of indigestion. Worms 
in either stomach or bowels, or in both, are 
frequent causes. Vomiting is often present. An 
effort must be made to ascertain the cause, or 
probable cause. As powders for indigestion, try 
the following: — 

IjL Pepsin . . . .12 grains 
Charcoal ... 1 drachm 
Carbonate of bismuth . 1 drdchm 



170 THE DOG 

Bicarbonate of soda . 2 drachms 
Powdered rhubarb . 24 grains 

Mix, and divide into one dozen powders. 

Directions. — Give one powder, just as it is, 
night and morning, immediately before food. 
Feed on rice and milk, boiled fish, boiled sago, 
bread and water, potatoes with meat finely cut 
up. 

Gastritis. 
(Inflammation of the Stomach.) 

By far the most frequent — and gastritis is a 
common disease amongst dogs — causes of in- 
flammation of the stomach are irritant poisons 
and worms. Most rat poisons will readily pro- 
duce gastritis. Arsenic and antimony are fre- 
quently used in a criminal manner. 

Symptoms. — Thirst, vomiting, pain in the belly, 
superpurgation, and prostration are the leading 
symptoms of this, usually fatal, malady. In most 
cases it is safe to give an emetic, but subsequent 
treatment should, preferably, be left^ to the 
professional man. 

Enteritis. 

(Inflammation of the Bowels.) 
Inflammation of the bowels arises through a 
variety of causes, the chief being twist of the gut, 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 171 

intussusception of a portion of it, various chemical 
agents, such as arsenic and antimony, etc., worms 
(a very common cause in puppies), and external 
injuries. Stoppage of the bowels, either through 
habitual constipation or the presence of a foreign 
body, sometimes produces inflammation. Pain 
in the belly and vomiting are the most suspicious 
signs. A large percentage of puppies die through 
enteritis set up by round-worms (Ascaris mar- 
ginata). They begin by refusing to suck, and 
are constantly crying from the pain, and nearly 
always die. As a preventive, give the bitch 
several good doses of worm medicine before she 
comes in season. Habitual constipation can be 
overcome by giving twenty drops of sacred bark 
daily. Hot fomentations to the belly, and fifteen 
to twenty-five drops of chlorodyne should be 
given to adult dogs, every four hours, in water, 
but, owing to the grave nature of the malady, 
professional aid ought to be obtained; besides, 
treatment must be in accordance with the 
cause. 

Diarrhoea. 

Strictly speaking, this is but a symptom of 
some derangement of the alimentary canal, being 
nature's effort to rid the system of offending 
materials. Many and varied are the causes excit- 



172 THE DOG 

ing the stomach and bowels to discharge their 
contents in a fluid or semi-fluid condition. In 
distemper a fetid diarrhoea is common, and 
usually of a very intractable nature. Worms are 
a fruitful cause, so that, if there is the least sus- 
picion of these parasites, it is generally a good 
plan to give a dose of worm medicine. Exposure 
to cold, and prolonged feeding on unsuitable food, 
e.g. oatmeal and liver, are very liable to bring on 
diarrhoea. In such cases a dose of ordinary 
diarrhoea mixture, as sold for the human being, 
will generally check the discharge. From 10 to 
20 drops of chlorodyne will cure mild cases. It 
should be given, night and morning, with 20 
grains of bicarbonate of soda and the same 
quantity of prepared chalk, added to a table- 
spoonful of water. The food ought to consist of 
boiled arrowroot and milk, milk and rice, raw 



Dysentery. 

Dysentery is a disease principally of the large 
bowel, the gut becoming ulcerated in parts. In 
some instances it assumes a chronic form. The 
causes are variable. 

Symptoms. — Pains in the belly, straining ; blood 
mingled with mucus and faeces, is passed until 
the bowel is emptied ; straining and passage of 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 173 

blood, etc., is repeated. Loss of appetite and 
shivering are additional signs. 

Treatment. — Begin this by washing out the 
bowel with a warm-water enema — say one to two 
pints, to which a teaspoonful of hazeline has been 
added. Keep the dog perfectly quiet afterwards. 
Now give it the following draught : — 
I^ Powdered ipecacuanha, . . 20 grains 
Bicarbonate of soda. . . 20 grains 

Syrup of lemon, ... J ounce 
Mix. — Repeat in eight hours, and gradually 
decrease the dose as recovery takes place. 

Food. — Much the same as that recommended 
for diarrhoea. 

Poisons. 

For the rapid destruction of a dog, inject 
Scheeles' Prussic Acid, but this must be done 
under professional supervision. We recommend 
this method of destruction, it being certain, safe, 
and speedy. Destruction by chloroform is too 
slow, the struggles of the animal preventing a 
quick result. The lethal chamber, or the use of 
coal gas in a closed chamber, constitutes an excel- 
lent means for destroying dogs. The criminal, 
and often the accidental, destruction of dogs is 
generally effected by means of arsenic, strychnine, 
antimony, or rat poisons. Strychnine poisoning is 



174 THE DOG 

denoted by the sudden seizure and spasms of the 
muscles. These muscular contractions are gener- 
ally very severe, extending over the whole of the 
body. As soon as ever the drug enters the stomach, 
there is a rapid development of tetanic spasms, and 
the dog may die within a few minutes — fifteen or 
twenty — if the dose has been large. Strychnine 
is a white crystalline solid, and only infinitesimal 
doses can be given medicinally. If the dog survive 
long enough, make an infusion of tobacco — say 
a couple of ounces of shag-tobacco to a pint of 
water — and give two to four tablespoonfuls of 
this every two or three hours. 

Eczema. 

Eczema is an acute or chronic inflammation of 
the superficial structures forming the skin, and 
is produced by chemical, mechanical, or con- 
stitutional causes, the latter being apparently 
of an hereditary nature. The kennel terms 
' blotch,' ' red mange,' and ' surfeit ' often cover 
eczema. 

In its acute form the disease shows itself either 
as reddened patches with a moist surface, or as a 
generally diffused moist condition of the skin, 
this condition being particularly evident under 
the fore-arms, and between the thighs. When 
chronic, as it commonly is on the dog, eczema 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 175 

often makes its appearance around the margins of 
the ears, and on the eyeUds, points of the elbows ; 
also on the buttocks and hocks, when it is spoken 
of as ' psoriasis,' indicated by a dry and scaly condi- 
tion of the affected area. In ordinary ' mange,' or 
rather in mange brought on by parasites, eczema 
is induced ; in fact, eczema represents the mangy 
condition. 

It must be admitted that the causes of eczema 
are, as a rule, of a very obscure nature. The 
eruption is the outward sign of inward disturb- 
ance, and the liver, the kidneys, the nervous 
system, the digestive system, etc., are, in many 
cases, at the root of the whole mischief, and until 
these organs have been restored to healthy acti- 
vity, no cure can be attained. The reader must 
bear in mind that in nine cases out of ten (except 
when caused by parasites) eczema is the result of 
impaired constitutional vitality, and treatment 
must be directed towards building up the con- 
stitution. External applications, though useful, 
are not so important as medicine taken internally. 
The former, when used alone, merely patch up, 
and the repair is only of a temporary nature. 
Although it appears highly probable that eczema 
is hereditary, it is not infectious. In this respect 
it stands out in marked contrast to parasitical 
mange. The chief difficulty confronting the non- 



176 THE DOG 

professional in the diagnosis and treatment of 
eczema, and other skin affections closely related 
to it, is the trouble in detecting the presence or 
absence of mange-producing parasites. External 
applications, capable of acting beneficially in the 
one case, may not be of much service in the other, 
whilst in mange there is really no necessity for 
internal medication. Under these circumstances, 
the writer advocates that, if possible, professional 
assistance be sought. 

Where there are a number of dogs kept together, 
it will be advisable to keep the infected animal 
separate until the owner has satisfied himself that 
the disease is not contagious. This being settled, 
treatment may be begun. If the eruption is 
acute, apply an ointment composed of 2 ounces of 
boracic acid, a drachm of oil of tar, and a couple 
of drachms of red oxide of mercury. In the moist 
or ' weeping ' form of eczema the surface must be 
protected from atmospheric influences, which can 
be done by the application of a cream, consisting 
of chalk and lime-water, or oxide of zinc and 
lime-water. This application should be used 
several times daily, and to prevent the dog from 
licking it off, a muzzle, or the so-called Elizabethan 
collar, which is made so wide that the dosr cannot 
turn its head round, has sometimes to be used. 
For chronic eczema on the ears and around the 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 177 

eyelids, rub with tar ointment night and morning ; 
for eczema on the points of the elbows, etc., dress 
with Chrysarobin ointment daily, rubbing it well 
in. The latter must never be used upon the face 
or close to the eyes. Internally, give a blue pill, 
and follow up with 5 to 10 drops of Fowler's 
solution of arsenic, night and morning, in food, 
arsenic being specially suitable for chronic cases 
of eczema. As a rule it is advisable to act on the 
kidneys, for which purpose give a few doses of 
acetate of potash, say 20 grains once or twice a 
day. Build up constitution with cod-liver oil, 
Fellowes' syrup of hypophosphates, malt extract, 
etc. Another very useful remedy is Parrish's 
syrup, and, ?f half a drachm of Fowler's solution 
of arsenic be added to a four-ounce bottle of this 
chemical, a capital mixture for the treatment of 
eczema is produced. Feed on meat and bread, 
and give plenty of exercise, avoiding the use of 
all stimulating foods, salt, etc. 

Parasitic Mange. 
The dog, unfortunately for itself, and occasionally 
for man, is subject to parasitical affections of 
the skin, and the chief of these are sarcoptic 
mange, and follicular mange. (The follicular 
parasites, although, it is said, they are constantly 
on the faces of some persons, do not produce any 



178 THE DOG 

skin disease in man.) The commonest form of 
mange infesting the dog is that produced by the 
sarcoptes mange-mites. These parasites produce 
circumscribed patches of inflammation upon the 
skin, but, if the disease is allowed to go un- 
checked, it will spread all over the surface of the 
body, and render the animal an object of 
sympathy and misery. 

Any man who allows his dog to get into this 
condition ought not to be allowed to have the 
charge of animals. It is obvious that parasitic 
mange will be communicable from one dog to 
another, either directly, by the animal itself, or 
indirectly, by things that have come in contact 
with it, and the greatest care must be taken to 
prevent infection. ' Sarcoptic ' mange mites live 
upon the superficial parts of the skin, therefore it 
is not, as a rule, a difficult matter to reach them 
with drugs ; nor are they difficult to destroy. It 
is the female Acari that cause the irritation. 

Follicular Mange. 

(Black Mange.) 
This form of mange is much worse than the 
other, for the mites take up their lodging in the 
follicules or roots of the hair, and are very 
difficult to reach. The parasites are termed 
Demodex Folliculorum, and, according to Erasmus 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 179 

Wilson, they are present in the hair follicules of 
most men. Follicular mange, though infective, is 
less so than the sarcoptive variety, owing to the 
isolated position of the parasites, which, if present, 
are easily recognised on microscopic examination, 
although they exist in several forms. When in 
the adult state, the full-grown mite is club- 
shaped, and has four legs on each side. If 
neglected, this form of mange will spread over 
the whole surface of the body, though not as 
rapidly as the sarcoptic. In order to detect the 
parasites, the mangy spot should be squeezed with 
the fingers, and matter will issue from the in- 
flamed follicules. This material should be spread 
upon a glass slip, to which a drop of glycerine 
has been added, and then examined with the 
microscope. 

Treatment. — As a rule follicular mange is a 
remarkably difficult disease to cure, and in nine 
cases out of ten will baffle all attempts to do so. 
The hair should be clipped off all over the body 
so as to facilitate the application of dressing, 
which will require to be varied from time to 
time. Treatment does not always result in a cure, 
and if the dog is not very valuable, perhaps it is 
better to destroy him than to waste time and 
money in what is little better than a forlorn hope. 
Consult an expert, and be guided by his advice. 



180 THE DOG 

Lice, Fleas, and Ticks, etc. 

The dog is frequently troubled with these pests, 
all of which cause a considerable degree of irrita- 
tion, and, where a number of dogs are kept 
together, often a good deal of annoyance. The 
best bedding material is straw, but fine shavings 
are useful for keeping dogs fairly free from fleas. 
A very good way to prevent the fleas from coming 
is to wash the dog frequently and to sprinkle the 
bedding with a mixture of oil of eucalyptus and 
turpentine. Insect powders are worse than useless. 
Lice are far more troublesome to get rid of than 
fleas, and are generally due to bad management ; 
in fact, the presence of lice upon a dog, or a litter 
of puppies, cannot be regarded as a testimonial to 
the kennelman or the owner. In order to free a 
dog from these pests, it is necessary to dress it all 
over, and an excellent dressing for this purpose 
is a liniment composed of one part of paraffin oil 
to 6 or 8 parts of olive oil. As an alternative 
dressing a liniment composed of half a pound of 
flowers of sulphur, two ounces of oil of tar, and 
a pint and half of train oil, answers admirably. 
After a dog has been thoroughly dressed, it must 
be put into a bed of clean straw, otherwise re- 
infection may occur, and the application prove 
unsatisfactory. All bedding, benches, etc., where- 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 181 

ever the dog has been, should be thoroughly 
scrubbed with hot water and a strong decoction 
of tobacco. The eggs or nits, as they are called, 
are much more difficult to destroy than the 
parasites. The dog tick is a troublesome pest, 
and becomes a true blood-sucking parasite, in- 
creasing to the size of a fairly large pearl, which 
it is somewhat like. The tick, which usually 
comes from the long grass and brushwood, is 
most frequently met with in sporting dogs, and 
the insects sometimes drop on to the kennel floor, 
where they will breed. In order to get rid of 
them the kennel should be thoroughly scrubbed, 
and those upon the animal touched with paraffin 
oil, which will cause them to fall off. This method 
is vastly superior to removing them forcibly. 

Worms. 

The dog is often troubled with worms, both 
round and flat. There is also a flute^haped para- 
site that sometimes inhabits the nasal chambers, 
giving rise to a chronic discharge from the nose, 
attacks of sneezing, etc. The principal round- 
worm infecting the dog is that known as the 
Ascaris marginata, which takes up its abode in 
the stomach and bowels, and, if numerous, gives 
rise to general unthriftiness, vomiting, irritation 
of the skin, and, in puppies, to inflammation of 



182 THE DOG 

the bowels. In fact, a very large proportion of 
suckling puppies die from this cause within a few 
days of their birth. In certain countries minute 
threadworms infest the cavities of the heart, and 
often cause sudden death, but, fortunately, British 
dogs are very rarely infested with these worms, 
the Filaria ammitis. A most important worm 
is that known as Tcenia coenitrus, which is the 
mature form of a larval form resting upon the 
brain of the sheep, producing in the animal the 
so-called 'gid' or 'sturdy.' The tapeworm that 
troubles the dog most is the Tcenia serrata, which 
exists in a larval form in the viscera of hares and 
rabbits. Another species of tapeworm commonly 
found in the dog is known as Tcenia marginata ; 
and several other varieties are occasionally met 
with. 

Symptoms and Treatment. — When dogs are in 
backward condition, their hair falling out, and 
the appetite being capricious, the presence of 
parasites within the alimentary canal suggests 
itself as a cause. At any rate, it is always 
advisable to adopt what we may term speculative 
treatment, that is, to have a shot at the worms, 
with some drug or drugs that will clear them out 
of the system. Drugs that kill worms are called 
vermicides, and those that cause their expulsion 
vermifuges, and it is a capital plan to combine 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 183 

the two. All the older remedies, such as tobacco, 
powdered glass, and other irritants should not be 
given, these being too irritating to the alimentary 
canal. Areca-nut is an old and well-tried remedy, 
and it has proved its value beyond all question 
of doubt. If it is properly administered, and in 
sufficient doses, it is a very satisfactory remedy 
for both round- and tape-worms, more especially 
when given in combination with a little santonin 
and a few grains of jalap. The proper mixture is 
from 5 to 60 grains of areca-nut, 1 to 10 grains of 
santonin, 5 grains of jalap, and an ounce of milk ; 
the whole can be made into a bolus with butter, 
and should be given to the dog after a fast of 
from 12 to 24 hours. For tapeworm kamala is a 
capital remedy, and may be given in slightly 
larger doses than the areca-nut. All worm 
medicines may be repeated in a week or ten days' 
time. 



Bareness around the Margin of the Ear. 

Very often the flaps of the ears will be found 
bare and in a dry scurfy condition. This is a 
chronic form of eczema, and must be treated in 
accordance with the principles laid down under 
the heading ' eczema.' 



184 THE DOG 

Inflammation of the Eyes. 

The membranes lining the eyelids, either of 
one or both eyes, may be the seat of acute in- 
flammation. This is known as ophthalmia, and, 
if it is neglected, it is liable to end in opacity of 
the cornea, and will either partially or completely 
obscure the sight. Reference to this has already 
been made in connection with distemper, but 
ophthalmia occurs quite apart from that disease, 
being easily provoked by chemical and mechanical 
agencies. A diseased condition that sometimes 
affects the dog is known as inversion of the eyelid, 
in which the eyelid turns inward, and the eyelashes 
sometimes grow against the ball of the eye. The 
very opposite of this also occurs, the eyelid being 
turned outwards. Both abnormalities necessarily 
predispose to ophthalmia. 

Symptoms. — One or both eyes will be found 
weeping. Tears flow over the face, scalding the 
margins of the eyelids ; the eye itself is intolerant 
to light ; and the cornea becomes opaque. 

Treatment. — Bathe eyes several times daily 
with an infusion of chamomile, and, after this, 
apply, two or three times a day, a lotion consist- 
ing of 2 or 3 grains of corrosive sublimate and 
8 ounces of water, or a solution of boracic acid. 
When the cornea becomes cloudy, a solution of 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 185 

nitrate of silver (4 grains to an ounce of distilled 
water) will be found of considerable benefit. In 
other cases the treatment will, of course, vary in 
accordance with the cause. 

Blindness. 
Aged dogs frequently become blind through 
cataract, and this condition may arise through 
a variety of causes. For instance, the cornea 
may be affected, or the crystalline lens, the 
chambers of the eye, or the nerve of sight. 
Blindness is either temporary or permanent, and 
here again the treatment is suggested by the 
cause. 

Internal and External Canker of the Ear. 

By external canker is implied a wound, upon 
the margin of the ear, that shows little or no in- 
clination to heal, owing to the cartilaginous 
structure of the ear. In reality, it is not a 
cankered condition at all ; but internal canker, 
on the other hand, consists of an inflamed con- 
dition within the passage of the ear, and is 
accompanied, in many instances, by an offensive 
discharge, and, in advanced cases, by injury 
to the inner mechanism of the ear. All dogs 
are liable to be affected with this complaint, 
which sometimes is a mere redness, and, at 

M 



186 THE DOG 

others, gives rise to suppuration, a discharge of 
blood, and the most offensive odour. One or 
both ears may be affected ; if only one, the dog 
turns its head towards the affected side ; if both, 
now to this side and now to that. There is 
also a parasitical form of canker of the ear, with 
little or no tendency towards suppuration, but a 
careful inspection within the auditory passage 
usually reveals a considerable degree of redness 
and the deposition of a sooty -like material 
within the recesses of the ear; and the careful 
inspection of this, with the aid of a powerful 
pocket-lens, will, in all probability, disclose the 
presence of minute parasites, characteristic of 
this particular variety of canker, which is re- 
garded as communicable from one dog to another. 
Eczema doubtless predisposes to canker of the ear, 
which, in this case, demands constitutional treat- 
ment for its cure. The chances of one dog in- 
fecting another are comparatively small, owing to 
the situation in which the parasites are confined. 
Although all dogs are liable to suffer from this 
disease, the long -eared varieties, such as re- 
trievers, spaniels, and toy spaniels, etc., appear 
to be those most frequently affected. No doubt 
there are many irritants capable of producing 
internal canker of the ear, more especially if the 
animal has an eczematous predisposition. Like 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 187 

other forms of eczema, ear canker has an in- 
clination to recur ; in fact, it is a difficult matter 
to know when the disease has been completely 
cured. 

Treatment. — This will depend on the causes 
operative in the production, and upon the stage 
the disease has reached. If there is mere red- 
ness and a slight degree of moisture present, the 
introduction of a little antiseptic powder will 
often be sufficient to cure it, or, at any rate, to 
do away with the irritation. At the same time 
it is advisable to give the dog a course of 
alterative medicine, such as 5 or 6 drops of 
Fowler's solution of arsenic, night and morning, 
in food, together with 5 drops of liquid extract 
of sacred bark, either in food or water. It is 
generally advisable to syringe the ears out with 
a little spirits of wine, which will dissolve any 
greasy material; this should be done daily. 
When there is any offensive discharge, and the 
disease has been in existence for any length of 
time, there is no remedy superior to an alcoholic 
solution of chloride of zinc, of a strength ranging 
from 5 to 10 grains to every ounce and a half 
of methylated spirit. A small quantity of this 
should be poured into the ear daily. A little 
calomel, inserted into the recesses of the ear, 
and followed by the pouring in of a teaspoonful 



188 THE DOG 

of lime-water, is another capital cure for canker 
of the ear, if of a non-parasitic nature. A 
little boracic ointment, carbolic acid ointment, or 
any other antiseptic cerate is of service in the 
treatment of canker of the ear. For external 
canker, the margins of the wound must be 
thinned down by rubbing them with a little 
bluestone, and the sore dressed daily with Venice 
turpentine. 

Dropsy of the Flap of the Ear. 

This is a very common form of injury, and 
appears to be the result of a bruise. It is in 
the long-eared varieties that the swelling attains 
its greatest dimensions, but the swelling is pro- 
portionately large in shorter-eared dogs. The 
fluid accumulated represents the inflammatory 
product, the result of the injur}^ The swelling 
bulges both inside and outside the ear, and 
causes the animal a great deal of inconvenience, 
though it is not a particularly hot swelling ; such 
pain as there is, arises through the tension on 
the skin. 

Treatment. — The swelling must be opened, so 
as to let out the watery fluid. Take a sharp 
penknife and slit the swelling up,^ to the extent, 

1 Make the cut lengthwise, and not across the flap of ear. 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 189 

say, of an inch; then insert the finger into the 
wound, so as to remove any blood-clot and to 
break down adhesions that have formed. This 
done, wash the cavity out by syringing it with 
one part of iodine liniment and three parts of 
water; keep wound open for two or three days, 
and bring pressure on to flap of ear by bandaging 
it to side of head. Instead of making a single 
cut lengthwise, a cross-shaped one may be made, 
which, on healing, will produce equal contraction 
on all sides, thus diminishing any tendency to 
alteration in the carriage of the ear. 

Wounds, Burns, Scalds, Etc. 

A wound may be lacerated or torn, punctured, 
incised, or clean-cut, poisoned, and so on, but the 
most important points to note in connection with 
it are the position, the duration of existence, and 
the degree of penetration. In dogs, the external 
wound may be slight, although the laceration 
within is extensive. This often occurs when dogs 
have been severely fighting, and the writer has 
frequently, in a professional capacity, noted in- 
juries of this class, many of them proving fatal. 
Particular attention should be paid to such 
wounds. Under favourable circumstances the 
dog's flesh heals rapidly, but if the animal is 
allowed to lick a wound, the healing is retarded, 



190 THE DOG 

although the contrary is pretty generally believed. 
Wounds in juxtaposition to vital parts usually 
call for professional attention, as inflammation of 
important organs sometimes arises. The sinews 
of the limbs, if they have been cut across, will 
heal, provided that they are treated correctly. 
The pads of the feet and between the claws 
frequently get injured, being cut by something 
sharp on the ground, and an injury here, if 
neglected, sometimes leads to fistula of the claw. 
Superficial wounds about the feet can be painted 
with Friar's balsam, and then bandaged, but if 
deep, clean-cut, and on the pad, it is advisable 
to sew them up with stout silk. A tear in the 
region of the eyelids or face should be sewed up 
with fine silk, but not until the hair has been 
clipped off all round the wound, the bleeding 
arrested, and the part cleansed with some weak 
antiseptic solution. When there is a broken 
bone in addition to a wound, the most economical 
plan is to have professional advice. Burns and 
scalds require the scalded surface to be protected 
from the air. First of all, paint the burn over 
with iodine liniment, and then freely wet with a 
cream composed of whiting and lime, taking 
particular care to prevent the dog from licking 
the injured part. Excessive bleeding from a 
wound can be controlled by pressure, by the 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 191 

application of cold water, or the alternate use of 
hot and cold water; in other cases, when an 
artery has been cut across, the best plan is to 
tie a ligature around it, on the side nearest to 
the heart ; a piece of silk or catgut can be used 
for this purpose. 

Broken Bones or Fractures. 

The dog, like other animals, is liable to be 
injured upon any part of its bony framework; 
the injury being a fracture, a dislocation, or a 
combination of the two. Fractures of the bones 
of the spinal column always prove fatal, if not at 
the time of the injury, subsequently. The same 
remark applies to dislocations in this region. 
The principal cause of injuries to the spine is 
being run over, but it is astonishing how a dog 
will sometimes escape a fatal or even the slightest 
injury, although the vehicle has passed right 
across the spinal column. The bones of the 
limbs are frequently injured, more especially the 
fore-arm, the arm, the first and second thigh, and 
below the pastern joints. The principle of treat- 
ment in all fractures is practically the same, but 
a difficulty is often experienced in making a 
correct diagnosis. The chief signs of fracture 
are: Crepitation, i.e. a grating of the fractured 
ends of the bone, particularly evident when dis- 



192 THE DOG 

placement has occurred ; swelling ; shortening or 
lengthening of the limb. The dog is unable to bear 
any weight upon the limb, and manipulation causes 
pain. Deformity of the limb is not necessarily a 
sign of fracture ; fracture of the metatarsal, meta- 
carpal, and phalangeal bones, unless several of 
these are broken at the same time, does not 
produce deformity. Fractures are spoken of as 
* simple,' ' compound,' and ' comminuted,' In the 
first-named the bone is simply broken across, or, 
it may be, obliquely ; in the second, there is the 
wound as well as the fracture; whilst the third 
class of injury is denoted by the bone being 
broken into a number of fragments, and if there 
is a wound in connection with the broken pieces, 
it is referred to as a ' compound comminuted 
fracture.' By the term ' dislocation ' we mean 
that a bone entering into the formation of a joint 
has slipped out of its natural position, either 
partially or completely. In the dog, dislocations 
occur most frequently at the shoulder-joint, the 
elbow-joint, the toes, and the stifle-joint, but 
dislocations are not of common occurrence in the 
dog; when they do occur, the bone must be 
restored to its normal position, or, in technical 
language, ' the dislocation must be reduced.' 
In fractures of the long bones of the limbs, the 
broken pieces should first of all be brought into 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS 193 

their normal position, and maintained there by 
means of splints or bandages ; it is a good plan 
to apply the bandages directly to the skin. A 
simple form of bandage is made by soaking a 
length of cotton in boiled starch, rolling up the 
bandage tightly, and then applying. White of egg 
can be substituted for the starch, or, if preferred, 
glue, plaster-of-Paris, etc., the last-named bandage 
being excellent. Spread dry plaster-of-Paris over 
a bandage of the requisite length and width, then 
soak it in water for two or three minutes, and 
apply. Splints made of gutta-percha, wood, tin, 
zinc, leather, etc., are often employed ; if so, the 
splint must extend several inches above and below 
the injury. Gutta-percha splints can be moulded 
to suit the injured part by soaking the material 
in hot water. Another useful material is poro 
plastic, which can be moulded, in the same manner, 
into the requisite shape. When there is swelling, 
the bandages must not be applied too tightly, but 
discretion exercised, because the swelling may 
continue to increase for a time, and subsequently 
decrease, the bandages having to be adjusted 
accordingly. If there is a wound, leave it un- 
covered, but dressed with some antiseptic ; the dog 
must be kept at rest for six weeks, unless it takes 
particular care of the injured limb, which most 
dogs do. 



INDEX 



Airedale Terriers, 113. 
Anatomical Outlines (Elemen- 
tary), 28. 
Apoplexy, 165. 
Australian Terriers, 149. 

Basset Hounds, 53. 

Beagles, 51. 

Bedling-ton Terriers, 116. 

Black-and-Tan Terriers, 106. 

Black Mange, 178. 

Blenheim Spaniels, 139. 

Blindness, 185. 

Bloodhounds, 49. 

Boar Hounds, 37. 

Bones, broken, 191. 

Borzois, 43. 

Bouledoge Francais, 146. 

Bowels, Inflammation of, 170. 

Bronchitis, 160. 

Bull Dogs and Toy Bull Dogs,121, 

Bull Terriers, 104. 

Burns, 189. 

Canker of the Ear, 185. 
Cataract, 185. 
Catarrh, 161. 
Chesapeake Bay Dog, 143. 

194 



Chest Founder, 166. 
Chorea, 163. 
Chow- Chow, 102. 
Clumber Spaniel, 77. 
Clydesdale Terriers, 119. 
Cocker Spaniel, 82. 
Collies, 85. 

Smooth, 91. 

Conformation, 32, 
Coryza, see Catarrh. 

Dachshund, 100. 

Dalmatians or Carriage Dogs, 

94. 
Dandie Dinmont Terriers, 115. 
Deerhounds, 41. 
Dhole Dog, 149. 
Diarrhoea, 171. 
Dingo, 145. 

Diseases and Accidents, 150. 
Distemper, 150. 

Infection in, 155. 

Dog, conformation of, 32. 
Dog-Breeding for Pleasure and 

Profit, 25. 
Dog Shows, and Preparation 

for Exhibition, 21. 



INDEX 



195 



Drdpsy of the Flap of the Ear, 

188. 
Dysentery, 172. 
Dyspepsia, 169. 

Ear, Canker of, 185. 

Dropsy of the Flap of, 

188. 

Eczema of, 183. 

Eczema, Acute and Chronic, 
174. 

Elk Hounds, 149. 

English Springer, 84. 

English White Terrier, 112. 

Enteritis, or Inflammation of 
the Bowels, 170. 

Epilepsy or Fits, 161. 

Esquimaux Dog, 145. 

Exercise, 9. 

Eyes, Inflammation of (Oph- 
thalmia), 184. 

Feeding, 1.3. 

Feeding Sick Dogs, 18. 

Fever, Typhus, 171. 

Field Spaniels, 79. 

Fleas, 180. 

Foreign Dogs, 143. 

Fox Terriers, Smooth and 

Wire, 188. 
Fractures, 191. 

Gastritis, or Inflammation of 

the Stomach, 170. 
Great Danes, 37. 



Greyhounds, 55. 

Italian, 127. 

Griffon Bruxellois, 134. 
Grooming, 10. 

Harriers, 53. 
Hind Limb, 31. 

Indigestion, 169. 
Inflammation of Lungs, 159. 
Irish Terriers, 117. 
Irish Water Spaniel, 72. 
Italian Greyhounds, 127. 

Japanese Spaniels, 136. 
Jaundice, 158. 

Kennels, 15. 

Kennel Lameness, 166. 

King Charles Spaniels, 141. 

Lameness, Kennel, 166. 

Lhassa Terrier, 147. 

Lice, 180. 

Lungs, Inflammation of, 159. 

Maltese Terrier, 135. 
Manchester Terrier, 105. 
Mange, Black (Follicular), 178. 

Parasitic, 177. 

Mastiff, 39. 

Medicine, Administering, 17. 

Mexican Hairless Dog, 148. 

Newfoundland, 35. 



196 



THE DOG 



Old English Sheep Dog, or 

Smithfields, 91. 
Otter Hounds, 47. 

Paralysis, 164. 

Parasitic Mange, 177. 

Pekinese Spaniels, 137. 

Persian Greyhound, 148. 

Pleurisy, 159. 

Pointers, 57. 

Points of Various Breeds, 32. 

Poisoning Dogs, 173. 

Pomeranians, 128. 

Poodles, 97. 

Prince Charles Spaniels, 139. 

Pugs, 131. 

Puppies, Rearing of, 19. 

Rabies, 167. 
Rearing Puppies, 19. 
Retrievers, 63. 

Curly coated, 64. 

Flat coated, 66. 

Labrador, 68. 

Rheumatism, Acute and 

Chronic, 166. 
Ruhy Toy Spaniels, 139. 
Russian Wolf-Hound, 43. 

St. Bernards, 33. 

St. Vitus' s Dance, see Chorea. 

Samoyede Dog, 144. 

Scalds, 189. 

Schipperkes, 126. 

Scottish Terriers, 110. 



Selecting Dogs for Companions, 

22. 
Setters, 60. 
Skye Terriers, 119. . 
Smithfields, 9. 
Soap, 13. 
Spaniels, Blenheim, 139. 

Clumber, 77. 

Cocker, 82. 

English Springer, 84. 

Field, 79. 

Irish Water, 72. 

Japanese, 136. 

King Charles, 139. 

Prince Charles, 139. 

Ruby Toy, 139. 

Sussex, 81. 

Thibet, 149. 

Toy, 137. 

Tri-coloured, 139. 

Water, 75. 

Welsh Springer, 83. 

Spaniel Club Rules, 73. 
Stomach, Inflammation of, 

170. 

Terriers, Airedale, 113. 

Australian, 149. 

Bedlington, 116. 

Black and Tan, 106. 

Bull, 104. 

Clydesdale, 119. 

Dandie Dinmont, 115. 

English White, 112. 



INDEX 



197 



Terriers, Fox, 108. 

Irish, 117. 

Lhassa, 147. 

. Scottish (West 

land), 110. 

Skye, 119. 

Welsh, 114. 

Yorkshire, 124. 

Thibet Mastiffs, 149. 
Thibet Spaniels, 149. 
Ticks, 180. 
Toy Spaniels, 137. 



High- 



Typhus Fever, 170. 

Washing, 12. 

Water Spaniels, 75. 

Welsh Springers, 83. 

Welsh Terriers, 114. 

West Highland White Terriers, 

110. 
Whippets, 96. 
Worms, 181, 
Wounds, 189. 

Yorkshire Terriers, 124. 



LRBAp?6 



